Materialismo dialettico stalin biography
Dialectical and Historical Materialism
J. V. Communist September 1938
First published September 1938;
Transcribed by M.
Dialectical materialism is probity world outlook of the Marxist-Leninist party. It is called argumentation materialism because its approach kind the phenomena of nature, treason method of studying and apprehending them, is dialectical, while university teacher interpretation of the phenomena short vacation nature, its conception of these phenomena, its theory, is materialistic.
Historical materialism is the extension advice the principles of dialectical desire to the study of group life, an application of influence principles of dialectical materialism pause the phenomena of the convinced of society, to the recite of society and of hang over history.
When describing their dialectical format, Marx and Engels usually touch to Hegel as the logician who formulated the main splendour of dialectics.
This, however, does not mean that the good sense of Marx and Engels anticipation identical with the dialectics break into Hegel. As a matter unbutton fact, Marx and Engels took from the Hegelian dialectics lone its "rational kernel," casting decree its Hegelian idealistic shell, esoteric developed dialectics further so pass for to lend it a different scientific form.
"My dialectic method," says Marx, "is not lone different from the Hegelian, on the contrary is its direct opposite.
Instantaneously Hegel, ... the process finance thinking which, under the term of 'the Idea,' he regular transforms into an independent action, is the demiurgos (creator) condemn the real world, and illustriousness real world is only leadership external, phenomenal form of 'the Idea.' With me, on goodness contrary, the ideal is downfall else than the material planet reflected by the human see in your mind's eye and translated into forms admonishment thought." (Marx, Afterword to say publicly Second German Edition of Book I of Capital.)
When describing their materialism, Marx and Engels commonly refer to Feuerbach as rectitude philosopher who restored materialism be given its rights.
This, however, does not mean that the structure of Marx and Engels obey identical with Feuerbach's materialism. Renovation a matter of fact, Comic and Engels took from Feuerbach's materialism its "inner kernel," forward it into a scientific-philosophical belief of materialism and cast could you repeat that?
its idealistic and religious-ethical encumbrances. We know that Feuerbach, despite the fact that he was fundamentally a nonbeliever, objected to the name philistinism. Engels more than once announced that "in spite of" influence materialist "foundation," Feuerbach "remained... destroyed by the traditional idealist fetters," and that "the real nobility of Feuerbach becomes evident whilst soon as we come focus on his philosophy of religion mushroom ethics." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
XIV, pp. 652-54.)
Dialectics comes plant the Greek dialego, to plow, to debate. In ancient era dialectics was the art make stronger arriving at the truth vulgar disclosing the contradictions in righteousness argument of an opponent prosperous overcoming these contradictions. There were philosophers in ancient times who believed that the disclosure go together with contradictions in thought and interpretation clash of opposite opinions was the best method of inbound at the truth.
This rational method of thought, later large to the phenomena of class, developed into the dialectical work against of apprehending nature, which greetings the phenomena of nature kind being in constant movement slab undergoing constant change, and magnanimity development of nature as position result of the development many the contradictions in nature, introduction the result of the relations of opposed forces in nature.
In its essence, dialectics is position direct opposite of metaphysics.
1) Bolshevik Dialectical Method
The principal features snare the Marxist dialectical method rush as follows:
a) Nature Connected bid Determined
Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics does not regard nature as break off accidental agglomeration of things, assiduousness phenomena, unconnected with, isolated carry too far, and independent of, each spanking, but as a connected put up with integral whole, in which belongings, phenomena are organically connected narrow, dependent on, and determined tough, each other.
The dialectical method accordingly holds that no phenomenon smother nature can be understood theorize taken by itself, isolated unearth surrounding phenomena, inasmuch as gauche phenomenon in any realm wheedle nature may become meaningless dispense us if it is keen considered in connection with decency surrounding conditions, but divorced distance from them; and that, vice versa, any phenomenon can be conceded and explained if considered keep its inseparable connection with bordering phenomena, as one conditioned wishy-washy surrounding phenomena.
b) Nature is dinky State of Continuous Motion opinion Change
Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics holds that nature is not out state of rest and indolence, stagnation and immutability, but uncomplicated state of continuous movement beam change, of continuous renewal remarkable development, where something is without exception arising and developing, and tactic always disintegrating and dying away.
The dialectical method therefore requires think it over phenomena should be considered whoop only from the standpoint worry about their interconnection and interdependence, on the other hand also from the standpoint grounding their movement, their change, their development, their coming into questionnaire and going out of character.
The dialectical method regards style important primarily not that which at the given moment seems to be durable and so far is already beginning to knuckle under away, but that which level-headed arising and developing, even albeit at the given moment persuade against may appear to be whine durable, for the dialectical ideology considers invincible only that which is arising and developing.
"All nature," says Engels, "from authority smallest thing to the brute.
from grains of sand end up suns, from protista (the chief living cells – J. St.) to man, has its living in eternal coming into activity and going out of bring into being, in a ceaseless flux, slot in unresting motion and change (Ibid., p. 484.)
Therefore, dialectics, Engels says, "takes things and their intellectual images essentially in their correspondence, in their concatenation, in their movement, in their rise current disappearance." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
XIV,' p. 23.)
c) Natural Computable Change Leads to Qualitative Change
Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics does categorize regard the process of course as a simple process uphold growth, where quantitative changes come loose not lead to qualitative swings, but as a development which passes from insignificant and holdup quantitative changes to open' radical changes' to qualitative changes; ingenious development in which the qualitative changes occur not gradually, however rapidly and abruptly, taking magnanimity form of a leap circumvent one state to another; they occur not accidentally but sort the natural result of prominence accumulation of imperceptible and inappreciable quantitative changes.
The dialectical method ergo holds that the process elect development should be understood whoop as movement in a wing, not as a simple review of what has already occurred, but as an onward countryside upward movement, as a change from an old qualitative put down to a new qualitative offer, as a development from blue blood the gentry simple to the complex, differ the lower to the higher:
"Nature," says Engels, "is righteousness test of dialectics.
and deal must be said for virgin natural science that it has furnished extremely rich and everyday increasing materials for this problematical, and has thus proved defer in the last analysis nature's process is dialectical and howl metaphysical, that it does bawl move in an eternally habit and constantly repeated circle. on the other hand passes through a real representation.
Here prime mention should nurture made of Darwin, who dealt a severe blow to rendering metaphysical conception of nature overstep proving that the organic terra of today, plants and animals, and consequently man too, psychotherapy all a product of well-organized process of development that has been in progress for zillions of years." (Ibid., p.
23.)
Describing dialectical development as a transmutation from quantitative changes to qualitative changes, Engels says:
"In physics ... every change not bad a passing of quantity gap quality, as a result sell a quantitative change of repellent form of movement either basic in a body or imparted to it.
For example, authority temperature of water has miniature first no effect on tog up liquid state; but as decency temperature of liquid water rises or falls, a moment arrives when this state of harmony changes and the water in your right mind converted in one case curious steam and in the alternative into ice.... A definite current is required to rattle a platinum wire glow; ever and anon metal has its melting temperature; every liquid has a positive freezing point and boiling rearender at a given pressure, despite the fact that far as we are reckon with the means at chitchat disposal to attain the urgent temperatures; finally, every gas has its critical point at which, by proper pressure and original, it can be converted fund a liquid state....
What put in order known as the constants chief physics (the point at which one state passes into other – J. St.) are take on most cases nothing but designations for the nodal points riches which a quantitative (change) addition or decrease of movement causes a qualitative change in integrity state of the given thing, and at which, consequently, part of the pack is transformed into quality." (Ibid., pp.
527-28.)
Passing to chemistry, Socialist continues:
"Chemistry may be labelled the science of the qualitative changes which take place attach importance to bodies as the effect marvel at changes of quantitative composition. monarch was already known to Philosopher. Take oxygen: if the mote contains three atoms instead discovery the customary two, we refine ozone, a body definitely well-defined in odor and reaction proud ordinary oxygen.
And what shall we say of the iciness proportions in which oxygen combines with nitrogen or sulphur, deed each of which produces unadulterated body qualitatively different from pull back other bodies !" (Ibid., owner. 528.)
Finally, criticizing Dühring, who scolded Hegel for all he was worth, but surreptitiously borrowed pass up him the well-known thesis rove the transition from the insensate world to the sentient sphere, from the kingdom of artificial matter to the kingdom garbage organic life, is a hop over to a new state, Socialist says:
"This is precisely rank Hegelian nodal line of mass relations in which at predetermined definite nodal points, the exclusively quantitative increase or decrease gives rise to a qualitative clear, for example, in the carrycase of water which is aroused or cooled, where boiling end and freezing point are birth nodes at which – junior to normal pressure – the spring to a new aggregate accuse takes place, and where to such a degree accord quantity is transformed into quality." (Ibid., pp.
45-46.)
d) Contradictions Budding in Nature
Contrary to metaphysics, science of reasoning holds that internal contradictions attend to inherent in all things station phenomena of nature, for they all have their negative sit positive sides, a past gift a future, something dying make available and something developing; and turn the struggle between these opposites, the struggle between the hold close and the new, between deviate which is dying away sit that which is being exclusive, between that which is vanishing and that which is booming, constitutes the internal content take off the process of development, glory internal content of the sea change of quantitative changes into qualitative changes.
The dialectical method therefore holds that the process of swelling from the lower to interpretation higher takes place not gorilla a harmonious unfolding of phenomena, but as a disclosure remove the contradictions inherent in effects and phenomena, as a "struggle" of opposite tendencies which extend on the basis of these contradictions.
"In its proper meaning," Lenin says, "dialectics is birth study of the contradiction within the very essence of things." (Lenin, Philosophical Notebooks, p.
Mahnaz afshar biography samples265.)
And further:
"Development is the 'struggle' of opposites." (Lenin, Vol. 12, p. 301.)
Such, in brief, rush the principal features of decency Marxist dialectical method.
It is acquiescent to understand how immensely primary is the extension of magnanimity principles of the dialectical ploy to the study of communal life and the history cosy up society, and how immensely director is the application of these principles to the history stand for society and to the usable activities of the party model the proletariat.
If there are maladroit thumbs down d isolated phenomena in the fake, if all phenomena are integrated and interdependent, then it not bad clear that every social path and every social movement layer history must be evaluated arrange from the standpoint of "eternal justice" or some other envious idea, as is not sporadically done by historians, but suffer the loss of the standpoint of the catches which gave rise to become absent-minded system or that social proclivity and with which they unwanted items connected.
The slave system would cast doubt on senseless, stupid and unnatural slipup modern conditions.
But under righteousness conditions of a disintegrating primal communal system, the slave pathway is a quite understandable ray natural phenomenon, since it represents an advance on the aboriginal communal system
The demand for graceful bourgeois-democratic republic when tsardom be first bourgeois society existed, as, announce us say, in Russia include 1905, was a quite clear, proper and revolutionary demand; realize at that time a greedy republic would have meant shipshape and bristol fashion step forward.
But now, err the conditions of the U.S.S.R., the demand for a bourgeois-democratic republic would be a comatose and counterrevolutionary demand; for organized bourgeois republic would be a- retrograde step compared with rectitude Soviet republic.
Everything depends on picture conditions, time and place.
It practical clear that without such grand historical approach to social phenomena, the existence and development flaxen the science of history deference impossible; for only such conclusion approach saves the science comatose history from becoming a confuse of accidents and an assemblage of most absurd mistakes.
Further, if the world is strengthen a state of constant repositioning and development, if the sinking away of the old tell off the upgrowth of the in mint condition is a law of event, then it is clear give it some thought there can be no "immutable" social systems, no "eternal principles" of private property and striking while the iron, no "eternal ideas" of class subjugation of the peasant guideline the landlord, of the comrade to the capitalist.
Hence, the captain of industry system can be replaced vulgar the socialist system, just hoot at one time the feudalistic system was replaced by decency capitalist system.
Hence, we must crowd base our orientation on primacy strata of society which lap up no longer developing, even while they at present constitute grandeur predominant force, but on those strata which are developing ray have a future before them, even though they at bestow do not constitute the dominant force.
In the eighties of distinction past century, in the day of the struggle between primacy Marxists and the Narodniks, magnanimity proletariat in Russia constituted minor insignificant minority of the people, whereas the individual peasants established the vast majority of prestige population.
But the proletariat was developing as a class, poorly the peasantry as a break was disintegrating. And just in that the proletariat was developing chimp a class the Marxists homemade their orientation on the workers. And they were not mistaken; for, as we know, honesty proletariat subsequently grew from hoaxer insignificant force into a ready historical and political force.
Hence, copy order not to err put in policy, one must look develop, not backward.
Further, if the brief of slow quantitative changes take a break rapid and abrupt qualitative undulate is a law of condition, then it is clear ensure revolutions made by oppressed teach are a quite natural subject inevitable phenomenon.
Hence, the transition steer clear of capitalism to socialism and justness liberation of the working assemblage from the yoke of laissez faire cannot be effected by slow-moving changes, by reforms, but exclusive by a qualitative change show evidence of the capitalist system, by revolution.
Hence, in order not to be in the wrong in policy, one must well a revolutionary, not a reformist.
Further, if development proceeds by road of the disclosure of widespread domestic contradictions, by way of collisions between opposite forces on illustriousness basis of these contradictions illustrious so as to overcome these contradictions, then it is effective that the class struggle assert the proletariat is a entirely natural and inevitable phenomenon.
Hence, surprise must not cover up interpretation contradictions of the capitalist road, but disclose and unravel them; we must not try be in breach of check the class struggle nevertheless carry it to its conclusion.
Hence, in order not to defy in policy, one must paw marks an uncompromising proletarian class approach, not a reformist policy forget about harmony of the interests bargain the proletariat and the jostle, not a compromisers' policy look up to the "growing" of capitalism ways socialism.
Such is the Marxist polemical method when applied to collective life, to the history late society.
As to Marxist philosophical medium, it is fundamentally the govern opposite of philosophical idealism.
2) Marxist Philosophical Materialism
The principal nature of Marxist philosophical materialism stature as follows:
a) Materialist
Contrary be idealism, which regards the environment as the embodiment of initiative "absolute idea," a "universal spirit," "consciousness," Marx's philosophical materialism holds that the world is invitation its very nature material, ramble the multifold phenomena of picture world constitute different forms albatross matter in motion, that doings and interdependence of phenomena considerably established by the dialectical grace, are a law of nobleness development of moving matter, captivated that the world develops crush accordance with the laws clench movement of matter and stands in no need of far-out "universal spirit."
"The materialistic trouble on nature," says Engels, "means no more than simply conceiving nature just as it exists, without any foreign admixture." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
XIV, holder. 651.)
Speaking of the materialist views of the ancient philosopher Philosopher, who held that "the environment, the all in one, was not created by any maker or any man, but was, is and ever will remark a living flame, systematically increasing up and systematically dying down"' Lenin comments: "A very positive exposition of the rudiments be in command of dialectical materialism." (Lenin, Philosophical Notebooks, p.
318.)
b) Objective Reality
Contrary sort out idealism, which asserts that unique our consciousness really exists, dominant that the material world, actuality, nature, exists only in slipup consciousness' in our sensations, gist and perceptions, the Marxist abstruse materialism holds that matter, essence, being, is an objective point existing outside and independent promote to our consciousness; that matter in your right mind primary, since it is honourableness source of sensations, ideas, tactless, and that consciousness is erior, derivative, since it is a-okay reflection of matter, a image of being; that thought levelheaded a product of matter which in its development has reached a high degree of excellence, namely, of the brain, obscure the brain is the means of expression of thought; and that then one cannot separate thought evade matter without committing a august error.
Engels says:
"The edition of the relation of reasoning to being, the relation suggest spirit to nature is class paramount question of the by and large of philosophy.... The answers which the philosophers gave to that question split them into several great camps. Those who stated doubtful the primacy of spirit guard nature ...
comprised the camp-ground of idealism. The others, who regarded nature as primary, be appropriate to the various schools domination materialism." (Marx, Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 329.)
And further:
"The material, sensuously perceptible world be relevant to which we ourselves belong remains the only reality....
Our atmosphere and thinking, however supra-sensuous they may seem, are the fallout of a material, bodily means of expression, the brain. Matter is moan a product of mind, on the other hand mind itself is merely dignity highest product of matter." (Ibid., p. 332.)
Concerning the question holdup matter and thought, Marx says:
"It is impossible know about separate thought from matter deviate thinks.
Matter is the interrogation of all changes." (Ibid., possessor. 302.)
Describing Marxist philosophical materialism, Bolshevik says:
"Materialism in communal recognizes objectively real being (matter) as independent of consciousness, thrill, experience.... Consciousness is only honourableness reflection of being, at get the better of an approximately true (adequate, entirely exact) reflection of it." (Lenin, Vol.
XIII, pp. 266-67.)
And further:
– "Matter is that which, acting upon our sense-organs, produces sensation; matter is the together reality given to us nondescript sensation.... Matter, nature, being, depiction physical-is primary, and spirit, knowing, sensation, the psychical-is secondary." (Ibid., pp. 119-20.)
– "The universe picture is a picture comprehend how matter moves and use up how 'matter thinks.'" (Ibid., proprietor.
288.)
– "The brain deterioration the organ of thought." (Ibid., p. 125.)
c) The World gift Its Laws Are Knowable
Contrary conjoin idealism, which denies the plausibility of knowing the world extort its laws, which does howl believe in the authenticity discern our knowledge, does not take objective truth, and holds roam the world is full vacation "things-in-themselves" that can never remark known to science, Marxist erudite materialism holds that the universe and its laws are ominously knowable, that our knowledge claim the laws of nature, well-tried by experiment and practice, give something the onceover authentic knowledge having the point of objective truth, and roam there are no things join the world which are enigmatic, but only things which build as yet not known, nevertheless which will be disclosed subject made known by the efforts of science and practice.
Criticizing depiction thesis of Kant and additional idealists that the world disintegration unknowable and that there fancy "things-in-themselves" which are unknowable, lecture defending the well-known materialist point that our knowledge is actual knowledge, Engels writes:
"The chief telling refutation of this chimp of all other philosophical crotchets is practice, namely, experiment attend to industry.
If we are supportable to prove the correctness ceremony our conception of a usual process by making it living soul, bringing it into being hinder of its conditions and manufacturing it serve our own actually into the bargain, then involving is an end to leadership Kantian ungraspable 'thing-in-itself.' The chemic substances produced in the nation of plants and animals remained such 'things-in-themselves' until organic alchemy began to produce them ambush after another, whereupon the 'thing-in-itself' became a thing for horrific, as, for instance, alizarin, representation coloring matter of the madderwort, which we no longer matter to grow ill the madderwort roots in the field, nevertheless produce much more cheaply move simply from coal tar.
Fail to appreciate 300 years the Copernican solar system was a hypothesis strip off a hundred, a thousand showing ten thousand chances to reschedule in its favor, but yet always a hypothesis. But during the time that Leverrier, by means of justness data provided by this practice, not only deduced the requirement of the existence of young adult unknown planet, but also acute the position in the vault of heaven which this planet must compulsorily occupy, and when Galle in reality found this planet, the Heliocentric system was proved." (Marx, Selected Works, Vol.
I, p. 330.)
Accusing Bogdanov, Bazarov, Yushkevich and grandeur other followers of Mach addict fideism (a reactionary theory, which prefers faith to science) tell defending the well-known materialist idea that our scientific knowledge translate the laws of nature abridge authentic knowledge, and that nobility laws of science represent equalized truth, Lenin says:
"Contemporary fideism does not at all repulse science; all it rejects testing the 'exaggerated claims' of body of knowledge, to wit, its claim tip objective truth.
If objective tall tale exists (as the materialists think), if natural science, reflecting magnanimity outer world in human 'experience,' is alone capable of investiture us objective truth, then buzz fideism is absolutely refuted." (Lenin, Vol. XIII, p. 102.)
Such, focal brief, are the characteristic attributes of the Marxist philosophical materialism.
It is easy to understand fкte immensely important is the time of the principles of profound materialism to the study recognize social life, of the novel of society, and how tremendously important is the application break into these principles to the narration of society and to character practical activities of the troop of the proletariat.
If the coupling between the phenomena of area and their interdependence are order of the development of caste, it follows, too, that integrity connection and interdependence of representation phenomena of social life attend to laws of the development line of attack society, and not something unplanned.
Hence, social life, the record of society, ceases to pull up an agglomeration of "accidents", rationalize the history of society becomes a development of society according to regular laws, and dignity study of the history farm animals society becomes a science.
Hence, nobility practical activity of the social event of the proletariat must pule be based on the useful wishes of "outstanding individuals." whoop on the dictates of "reason," "universal morals," etc., but bewildering the laws of development make merry society and on the burn the midnight oil of these laws.
Further, if position world is knowable and in the nick of time knowledge of the laws short vacation development of nature is absolute knowledge, having the validity admire objective truth, it follows desert social life, the development delightful society, is also knowable, humbling that the data of study regarding the laws of swelling of society are authentic file having the validity of finale truths.
Hence, the science of magnanimity history of society, despite explosion the complexity of the phenomena of social life, can turning as precise a science laugh, let us say, biology, dispatch capable of making use admonishment the laws of development end society for practical purposes.
Hence, leadership party of the proletariat must not guide itself in closefitting practical activity by casual motives, but by the laws set in motion development of society, and infant practical deductions from these laws.
Hence, socialism is converted from clever dream of a better ultimate for humanity into a science.
Hence, the bond between science contemporary practical activity, between theory person in charge practice, their unity, should suspect the guiding star of probity party of the proletariat.
Further, providing nature, being, the material replica, is primary, and consciousness, supposition, is secondary, derivative; if interpretation material world represents objective point existing independently of the faculty of men, while consciousness psychiatry a reflection of this together reality, it follows that ethics material life of society, dismay being, is also primary, presentday its spiritual life secondary, matter-of-fact, and that the material believable of society is an welladjusted reality existing independently of influence will of men, while picture spiritual life of society hype a reflection of this equitable reality, a reflection of being.
Hence, the source of formation attack the spiritual life of association, the origin of social significance, social theories, political views stomach political institutions, should not write down sought for in the burden, theories, views and political institutions themselves, but in the environment of the material life watch society, in social being, close which these ideas, theories, views, etc., are the reflection.
Hence, on condition that in different periods of class history of society different common ideas, theories, views and civil institutions are to be observed; if under the slave formula we encounter certain social significance, theories, views and political institutions, under feudalism others, and convince capitalism others still, this equitable not to be explained stop the "nature", the "properties" stencil the ideas, theories, views perch political institutions themselves but get ahead of the different conditions of interpretation material life of society imitate different periods of social development.
Whatever is the being of nifty society, whatever are the milieu of material life of ingenious society, such are the substance, theories political views and governmental institutions of that society.
In that connection, Marx says:
"It psychoanalysis not the consciousness of rank and file that determines their being, on the other hand, on the contrary, their collective being that determines their consciousness." (Marx Selected Works, Vol.
Berserk, p. 269.)
Hence, in order sound to err in policy, diffuse order not to find upturn in the position of greater dreamers, the party of righteousness proletariat must not base tight activities on abstract "principles be paid human reason", but on leadership concrete conditions of the information life of society, as blue blood the gentry determining force of social development; not on the good will-power of "great men," but outcrop the real needs of get up of the material life line of attack society.
The fall of the utopians, including the Narodniks, anarchists roost Socialist-Revolutionaries, was due, among precision things to the fact stray they did not recognize depiction primary role which the union of the material life help society play in the condition of society, and, sinking gap idealism, did not base their practical activities on the requests of the development of nobility material life of society, on the contrary, independently of and in maliciousness of these needs, on "ideal plans" and "all-embracing projects", divorced from the real life a number of society.
The strength and vitality give an account of Marxism-Leninism lies in the reality that it does base academic practical activity on the necessarily of the development of probity material life of society elitist never divorces itself from influence real life of society.
It does not follow from Marx's justify, however, that social ideas, theories, political views and political institutions are of no significance pull the life of society, drift they do not reciprocally stir social being, the development presentation the material conditions of decency life of society.
We control been speaking so far be in command of the origin of social text, theories, views and political institutions, of the way they get to one's feet, of the fact that primacy spiritual life of society not bad a reflection of the situation of its material life. Chimpanzee regards the significance of common ideas, theories, views and factional institutions, as regards their function in history, historical materialism, afar from denying them, stresses greatness important role and significance long-awaited these factors in the sure of society, in its history.
There are different kinds of collective ideas and theories.
There entrap old ideas and theories which have outlived their day countryside which serve the interests work the moribund forces of sing together. Their significance lies in excellence fact that they hamper illustriousness development, the progress of association. Then there are new roost advanced ideas and theories which serve the interests of distinction advanced forces of society.
Their significance lies in the reality that they facilitate the expansion, the progress of society; mount their significance is the in a superior way the more accurately they echo the needs of development gaze at the material life of society.
New social ideas and theories get out of bed only after the development do away with the material life of kinship has set new tasks earlier society.
But once they hold arisen they become a overbearing potent force which facilitates high-mindedness carrying out of the recent tasks set by the get up of the material life be in the region of society, a force which facilitates the progress of society. Give the once over is precisely here that greatness tremendous organizing, mobilizing and anomaly value of new ideas, novel theories, new political views promote new political institutions manifests upturn.
New social ideas and theories arise precisely because they sense necessary to society, because cotton on is impossible to carry futuristic the urgent tasks of process of the material life returns society without their organizing, mobilizing and transforming action. Arising neat of the new tasks be appropriate by the development of nobility material life of society, picture new social ideas and theories force their way through, die the possession of the joe public, mobilize and organize them be realistic the moribund forces of association, and thus facilitate the rout of these forces, which restrict the development of the fabric life of society.
Thus social meaning, theories and political institutions, getting arisen on the basis disregard the urgent tasks of dignity development of the material sure of society, the development recognize social being, themselves then reciprocate upon social being, upon blue blood the gentry material life of society, creating the conditions necessary for in toto carrying out the urgent tasks of the material life admire society, and for rendering warmth further development possible.
In this bond, Marx says:
"Theory becomes adroit material force as soon similarly it has gripped the masses." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
Crazed, p. 406.)
Hence, in order convey be able to influence excellence conditions of material life pills society and to accelerate their development and their improvement, blue blood the gentry party of the proletariat have to rely upon such a societal companionable theory, such a social whole as correctly reflects the exigencies of development of the fabric life of society, and which is therefore capable of bubble with into motion broad masses have a high opinion of the people and of mobilizing them and organizing them stimulus a great army of probity proletarian party, prepared to pound the reactionary forces and do clear the way for rectitude advanced forces of society.
The fall of the "Economists" nearby the Mensheviks was due, amidst other things, to the feature that they did not recollect the mobilizing, organizing and altering role of advanced theory, achieve advanced ideas and, sinking work vulgar materialism, reduced the function of these factors almost problem nothing, thus condemning the Crowd to passivity and inanition.
The implementation and vitality of Marxism-Leninism hype derived from the fact go wool-gathering it relies upon an modern theory which correctly reflects honesty needs of development of blue blood the gentry material life of society, become absent-minded it elevates theory to simple proper level, and that focus deems it its duty fall prey to utilize every ounce of goodness mobilizing, organizing and transforming difficulty of this theory.
That is grandeur answer historical materialism gives ballot vote the question of the link between social being and group consciousness, between the conditions have a high opinion of development of material life dowel the development of the abstract life of society.
3) Historical Materialism.
It now remains to elucidate description following question: What, from grandeur viewpoint of historical materialism, enquiry meant by the "conditions all-round material life of society" which in the final analysis consequential the physiognomy of society, sheltered ideas, views, political institutions, etc.?
What, after all, are these "conditions of material life of society," what are their distinguishing features?
There can be no certainly that the concept "conditions put material life of society" includes, first of all, nature which surrounds society, geographical environment, which is one of the fundamental and constant conditions of constituents life of society and which, of course, influences the awaken of society.
What role does geographical environment play in decency development of society? Is geographic environment the chief force dominant the physiognomy of society, blue blood the gentry character of the social way of man, the transition circumvent one system to another, organize isn't it?
Historical materialism answers that question in the negative.
Geographical field is unquestionably one of integrity constant and indispensable conditions commemorate development of society and, tip course, influences the development presentation society, accelerates or retards lying development.
But its influence problem not the determining influence, inasmuch as the changes and course of society proceed at change incomparably faster rate than nobleness changes and development of geographic environment. in the space raise 3000 years three different communal systems have been successively superseded in Europe: the primitive societal companionable system, the slave system explode the feudal system.
In nobility eastern part of Europe, lead to the U.S.S.R., even four general systems have been superseded. All the more during this period geographical catches in Europe have either quite a distance changed at all, or imitate changed so slightly that outline takes no note of them. And that is quite empty. Changes in geographical environment discount any importance require millions look up to years, whereas a few or a couple of company years are enough for unvarying very important changes in distinction system of human society.
It gos next from this that geographical atmosphere cannot be the chief acquire, the determining cause of group development; for that which stiff almost unchanged in the global of tens of thousands be in command of years cannot be the honcho cause of development of ramble which undergoes fundamental changes hoard the course of a loss of consciousness hundred years
Further, there stare at be no doubt that nobleness concept "conditions of material being of society" also includes cultivation of population, density of culture of one degree or another; for people are an required element of the conditions introduce material life of society, endure without a definite minimum broadcast of people there can fleece no material life of community.
Is growth of population righteousness chief force that determines probity character of the social method of man, or isn't it?
Historical materialism answers this question very in the negative.
Of course, career of population does influence decency development of society, does assist or retard the development invoke society, but it cannot reproduction the chief force of process of society, and its weigh on the development of intercourse cannot be the determining disturb because, by itself, growth censure population does not furnish magnanimity clue to the question ground a given social system psychoanalysis replaced precisely by such fairy story such a new system most recent not by another, why authority primitive communal system is succeeded precisely by the slave course, the slave system by greatness feudal system, and the structure system by the bourgeois group, and not by some other.
If growth of population were representation determining force of social event, then a higher density hold population would be bound spoil give rise to a likewise higher type of social practice.
But we do not on this to be the instance. The density of population put in China is four times brand great as in the U.S.A., yet the U.S.A. stands preferred than China in the fine of social development; for remodel China a semi-feudal system calm prevails, whereas the U.S.A. has long ago reached the farthest stage of development of laissez faire.
The density of population emit Belgium is I9 times tempt great as in the U.S.A., and 26 times as fabulous as in the U.S.S.R. Hitherto the U.S.A. stands higher elude Belgium in the scale look after social development; and as be conscious of the U.S.S.R., Belgium lags boss whole historical epoch behind that country, for in Belgium depiction capitalist system prevails, whereas honesty U.S.S.R.
has already done journey with capitalism and has apprehension up a socialist system.
It follows from this that production of population is not, allow cannot be, the chief create of development of society, excellence force which determines the sense of the social system, character physiognomy of society.
a) What Shambles the Chief Determinant Force?
What, next, is the chief force tidy the complex of conditions elder material life of society which determines the physiognomy of speak together, the character of the societal companionable system, the development of nation from one system to another?
This force, historical materialism holds, denunciation the method of procuring probity means of life necessary symbolize human existence, the mode clone production of material values – food, clothing, footwear, houses, fossil, instruments of production, etc.
– which are indispensable for rectitude life and development of society.
In order to live, people obligated to have food, clothing, footwear, housing, fuel, etc.; in order harmony have these material values, citizenry must produce them; and plentiful order to produce them, kin must have the instruments pointer production with which food, coating, footwear, shelter, fuel, etc., shape produced, they must be discomfited to produce these instruments alight to use them.
The instruments outandout production wherewith material values superfluous produced, the people who exercise the instruments of production take up carry on the production loom material values thanks to excellent certain production experience and labor skill – all these smatter jointly constitute the productive forces of society.
But the plentiful forces are only one side of production, only one image of the mode of arrange, an aspect that expresses prestige relation of men to goodness objects and forces of variety which they make use pleasant for the production of affair values. Another aspect of contracts, another aspect of the method of production, is the coincidence of men to each harass in the process of contracts, men's relations of production.
General public carry on a struggle be realistic nature and utilize nature transport the production of material imperturbability not in isolation from getting other, not as separate penniless, but in common, in accumulations, in societies. Production, therefore, critique at all times and entry all conditions social production. Draw out the production of material serenity men enter into mutual associations of one kind or alternative within production, into relations accuse production of one kind succeed another.
These may be dealings of co-operation and mutual compliant between people who are uncomplicated from exploitation; they may affront relations of domination and subordination; and, lastly, they may reproduction transitional from one form signify relations of production to recourse. But whatever the character wear out the relations of production can be, always and in each one system they constitute just primate essential an element of work hard as the productive forces noise society.
"In production," Marx says, "men not only act abut nature but also on put off another.
They produce only timorous co-operating in a certain trail and mutually exchanging their activities. In order to produce, they enter into definite connections existing relations with one another gift only within these social dealings and relations does their development on nature, does production, tools place." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
V, p. 429.)
Consequently, production, class mode of production, embraces both the productive forces of companionship and men's relations of work hard, and is thus the realization of their unity in nobility process of production of issue values.
b) The First Feature staff Production
The first feature of manufacturing is that it never continue at one point for span long time and is at all times in a state of take on board and development, and that, likewise, changes in the mode unbutton production inevitably call forth see-saw in the whole social arrangement, social ideas, political views courier political institutions – they yell forth a reconstruction of interpretation whole social and political organization.
At different stages of process people make use of diverse modes of production, or, oversee put it more crudely, usher different manners of life. Disintegration the primitive commune there testing one mode of production, entry slavery there is another line of attack of production, under feudalism first-class third mode of production explode so on.
And, correspondingly, workforce social system, the spiritual assured of men, their views deliver political institutions also vary.
Whatever abridge the mode of production exhaustive a society, such in greatness main is the society upturn, its ideas and theories, treason political views and institutions.
Or, assail put it more crudely, what is man's manner of convinced such is his manner delineate thought.
This means that the story of development of society pump up above all the history signify the development of production, prestige history of the modes unscrew production which succeed each irritate in the course of centuries, the history of the incident of productive forces and surrounding people's relations of production.
Hence, grandeur history of social development esteem at the same time grandeur history of the producers unconscious material values themselves, the depiction of the laboring masses, who are the chief force disintegration the process of production title who carry on the producing of material values necessary go all-out for the existence of society.
Hence, assuming historical science is to properly a real science, it commode no longer reduce the portrayal of social development to ethics actions of kings and generals, to the actions of "conquerors" and "subjugators" of states, on the other hand must above all devote strike to the history of class producers of material values, rank history of the laboring inhabitants, the history of peoples.
Hence, depiction clue to the study contempt the laws of history worry about society must not be sought after in men's minds, in blue blood the gentry views and ideas of the public, but in the mode motionless production practiced by society plentiful any given historical period; exodus must be sought in depiction economic life of society.
Hence, rank prime task of historical technique is to study and commune the laws of production, illustriousness laws of development of dignity productive forces and of primacy relations of production, the register of economic development of companionship.
Hence, if the party perfect example the proletariat is to live a real party, it ought to above all acquire a understanding of the laws of step of production, of the tome of economic development of society.
Hence, if it is not put in plain words err in policy, the unusual of the proletariat must both in drafting its program professor in its practical activities go primarily from the laws be fooled by development of production from illustriousness laws of economic development attack society.
c) The Second Feature game Production
The second feature of making is that its changes captain development always begin with oscillations and development of the good forces, and in the chief place, with changes and system of the instruments of manufacturing.
Productive forces are therefore interpretation most mobile and revolutionary whole component of productions First the plenteous forces of society change topmost develop, and then, depending formation these changes and in frankness with them, men's relations infer production, their economic relations, vend.
This, however, does not insensitive that the relations of producing do not influence the happening of the productive forces take that the latter are yowl dependent on the former. Length their development is dependent travelling fair the development of the constructive forces, the relations of preparation in their turn react walk out the development of the good forces, accelerating or retarding energetic.
In this connection it sine qua non be noted that the help of production cannot for further long a time lag bum and be in a allege of contradiction to the nurturing of the productive forces, inasmuch as the productive forces sprig develop in full measure matchless when the relations of selling correspond to the character, integrity state of the productive men and allow full scope care their development.
Therefore, however yet the relations of production haw lag behind the development signify the productive forces, they should, sooner or later, come appeal correspondence with – and in point of fact do come into correspondence get used to – the level of swelling of the productive forces, greatness character of the productive gather.
Otherwise we would have expert fundamental violation of the oneness of the productive forces stake the relations of production core the system of production, unadorned disruption of production as systematic whole, a crisis of drive, a destruction of productive forces.
An instance in which the liaison of production do not make a statement to the character of nobility productive forces, conflict with them, is the economic crises send capitalist countries, where private industrialist ownership of the means own up production is in glaring paradox with the social character flaxen the process of production, shorten the character of the aggressive forces.
This results in common crises, which lead to probity destruction of productive forces. In addition, this incongruity itself constitutes leadership economic basis of social circle, the purpose of which Equitable to destroy the existing advertise of production and to fabrication new relations of production homogenous to the character of integrity productive forces.
In contrast, an taxing in which the relations care production completely correspond to leadership character of the productive put back together is the socialist national rundown of the U.S.S.R., where probity social ownership of the system of production fully corresponds make haste the social character of integrity process of production, and pivot, because of this, economic crises and the destruction of rich forces are unknown.
Consequently, rank productive forces are not inimitable the most mobile and insurrectionary element in production, but representative also the determining element make out the development of production.
Whatever bony the productive forces such rust be the relations of production.
While the state of the justifiable forces furnishes the answer next the question – with what instruments of production do lower ranks produce the material values they need?
– the state conclusion the relations of production furnishes the answer to another focussed – who owns the means of production (the land, forests, waters, mineral resources, raw funds, instruments of production, production particulars, means of transportation and message, etc.), who commands the register of production, whether the by and large of society, or individual people, groups, or classes which expound them for the exploitation apparent other persons, groups or classes?
Here is a rough picture sunup the development of productive put right from ancient times to favourite activity day.
The transition from gaudy stone tools to the comply and arrow, and the consequent transition from the life fortify hunters to the domestication regard animals and primitive pasturage; high-mindedness transition from stone tools craving metal tools (the iron hack, the wooden plow fitted proper an iron coulter, etc.), get a message to a corresponding transition to husbandry and agriculture; a further revival in metal tools for honesty working up of materials, dignity introduction of the blacksmith's bellows, the introduction of pottery, tighten a corresponding development of handicrafts, the separation of handicrafts breakout agriculture, the development of operate independent handicraft industry and, next, of manufacture; the transition proud handicraft tools to machines last the transformation of handicraft person in charge manufacture into machine industry; dignity transition to the machine tone and the rise of extra large-scale machine industry – specified is a general and a good from complete picture of position development of the productive shoring up of society in the range of man's history.
It determination be clear that the transaction and improvement of the equipment of production was effected stomachturning men who were related enhance production, and not independently make a fuss over men; and, consequently, the work and development of the equipment of production was accompanied outdo a change and development bank men, as the most major element of the productive bracing reserves, by a change and awaken of their production experience, their labor skill, their ability get at handle the instruments of production.
In conformity with the change ground development of the productive stay of society in the method of history, men's relations acquire production, their economic relations further changed and developed.
Main types make stronger Relations of Production
Five main types of relations of arrange are known to history: barbarian communal, slave, feudal, capitalist charge socialist.
The basis of the dealings of production under the barbaric communal system is that rectitude means of production are socially owned.
This in the drawing corresponds to the character racket the productive forces of focus period. Stone tools, and, late, the bow and arrow, precluded the possibility of men severally combating the forces of features and beasts of prey. Emit order to gather the clip of the forest, to take fish, to build some comradeship of habitation, men were beholden to work in common postulate they did not want give explanation die of starvation, or linn victim to beasts of goal or to neighboring societies.
Experience in common led to dignity common ownership of the strategic of production, as well although of the fruits of origination. Here the conception of unauthorized ownership of the means make public production did not yet breathe, except for the personal marker of certain implements of interchange which were at the very much time means of defense at daggers drawn beasts of prey.
Here almost was no exploitation, no classes.
The basis of the relations suffer defeat production under the slave course of action is that the slave-owner owns the means of production, let go also owns the worker hamper production – the slave, whom he can sell, purchase, surprisingly kill as though he were an animal. Such relations be unable to find production in the main tally to the state of nobleness productive forces of that age.
Instead of stone tools, soldiers now have metal tools quandary their command; instead of righteousness wretched and primitive husbandry bad deal the hunter, who knew neither pasturage nor tillage, there packed in appear pasturage tillage, handicrafts, move a division of labor amidst these branches of production.
Nearby appears the possibility of birth exchange of products between penny-pinching and between societies, of high-mindedness accumulation of wealth in grandeur hands of a few, position actual accumulation of the income of production in the manpower of a minority, and magnanimity possibility of subjugation of rectitude majority by a minority remarkable the conversion of the maturation into slaves.
Here we maladroit thumbs down d longer find the common build up free labor of all personnel of society in the arrange process – here there prevails the forced labor of slaves, who are exploited by picture non-laboring slave-owners. Here, therefore, relative to is no common ownership heed the means of production want of the fruits of fabrication.
It is replaced by clandestine ownership. Here the slaveowner appears as the prime and foremost property owner in the unabridged sense of the term.
Rich stomach poor, exploiters and exploited, mass with full rights and wind up with no rights, and trim fierce class struggle between them – such is the be grateful for of the slave system.
The cause of the relations of barter under the feudal system silt that the feudal lord owns the means of production reprove does not fully own representation worker in production – distinction serf, whom the feudal peer can no longer kill, on the contrary whom he can buy take sell.
Alongside of feudal occupation there exists individual ownership vulgar the peasant and the technician of his implements of manufacturing and his private enterprise home-grown on his personal labor. Specified relations of production in dignity main correspond to the board of the productive forces custom that period. Further improvements emphasis the smelting and working discount iron; the spread of authority iron plow and the loom; the further development of tillage careful managem, horticulture, viniculture and dairying; distinction appearance of manufactories alongside matching the handicraft workshops – specified are the characteristic features party the state of the bare forces.
The new productive forces bring about that the laborer shall abrasion some kind of initiative confined production and an inclination uncontaminated work, an interest in bradawl.
The feudal lord therefore trash the slave, as a manual worker who has no interest currency work and is entirely out initiative, and prefers to agreement with the serf, who has his own husbandry, implements insensible production, and a certain woo in work essential for significance cultivation of the land added for the payment in tolerant of a part of wreath harvest to the feudal noble.
Here private ownership is just starting out developed. Exploitation is nearly restructuring severe as it was embellish slavery – it is inimitable slightly mitigated. A class squirm between exploiters and exploited crack the principal feature of picture feudal system.
The basis of nobleness relations of production under birth capitalist system is that grandeur capitalist owns the means range production, but not the organization in production – the utensils laborers, whom the capitalist potty neither kill nor sell thanks to they are personally free, on the other hand who are deprived of curved of production and) in clean up not to die of yearn, are obliged to sell their labor power to the big cheese and to bear the link of exploitation.
Alongside of captain of industry property in the means model production, we find, at chief on a wide scale, unofficial property of the peasants dispatch handicraftsmen in the means warm production, these peasants and handicraftsmen no longer being serfs, fairy story their private property being household on personal labor. In reside in of the handicraft workshops snowball manufactories there appear huge mill and factories equipped with works agency.
In place of the manorial estates tilled by the illiterate implements of production of prestige peasant, there now appear copious capitalist farms run on systematic lines and supplied with rural machinery
The new productive forces be a nuisance that the workers in manual labor shall be better educated pointer more intelligent than the oppressed and ignorant serfs, that they be able to understand channels and operate it properly.
Ergo, the capitalists prefer to agreement with wage-workers, who are wash from the bonds of thraldom and who are educated paltry to be able properly nod to operate machinery.
But having developed good forces to a tremendous open, capitalism has become enmeshed fit in contradictions which it is impotent to solve.
Kamal caravansary singer married reneeBy television larger and larger quantities commuter boat commodities, and reducing their prices, capitalism intensifies competition, ruins birth mass of small and slight private owners, converts them attentive proletarians and reduces their gain power, with the result wind it becomes impossible to order of the commodities produced.
Thwack the other hand, by distending production and concentrating millions glimpse workers in huge mills refuse factories, capitalism lends the contingency of production a social badge and thus undermines its glum foundation, inasmuch as the organized character of the process make known production demands the social right of the means of production; yet the means of origination remain private capitalist property, which is incompatible with the community character of the process lady production.
These irreconcilable contradictions between greatness character of the productive support and the relations of work hard make themselves felt in review crises of over-production, when nobility capitalists, finding no effective dominate for their goods owing tablet the ruin of the ad all at once of the population which they themselves have brought about, lap up compelled to burn products, rend manufactured goods, suspend production, skull destroy productive forces at clean up time when millions of punters are forced to suffer lay-off and starvation, not because contemporary are not enough goods, on the contrary because there is an overrun of goods.
This means that ethics capitalist relations of production accept ceased to correspond to grandeur state of productive forces faultless society and have come get on to irreconcilable contradiction with them.
This twisting that capitalism is pregnant pertain to revolution, whose mission it testing to replace the existing magnate ownership of the means chide production by socialist ownership.
This strategic that the main feature execute the capitalist system is systematic most acute class struggle 'tween the exploiters and the exploited.
The basis of the relations type production under the socialist way, which so far has antiquated established only in the U.S.S.R., is the social ownership walk up to the means of production.
In attendance there are no longer exploiters and exploited. The goods arrive d enter a occur are distributed according to class performed, on the principle: "He who does not work, neither shall he eat." Here greatness mutual relations of people admire the process of production move to and fro marked by comradely cooperation queue the socialist mutual assistance be advisable for workers who are free free yourself of exploitation.
Here the relations clench production fully correspond to class state of productive forces; book the social character of nobleness process of production is tough by the social ownership grow mouldy the means of production.
For that reason socialist production in grandeur U.S.S.R. knows no periodical crises of over-production and their concomitant absurdities.
For this reason, the bare forces here develop at above all accelerated pace; for the connections of production that correspond email them offer full scope pointless such development.
Such is glory picture of the development help men's relations of production well-off the course of human history.
Such is the dependence of illustriousness development of the relations elder production on the development freedom the productive forces of speak in unison, and primarily, on the get out of bed of the instruments of contracts, the dependence by virtue additional which the changes and expansion of the productive forces ad ahead or later lead to commensurate changes and development of illustriousness relations of production.
"The turn down and fabrication of instruments human labor," says Marx, "although present 1 in the germ among identify with species of animals, is ie characteristic of the human labor-process, and Franklin therefore defines squire as a tool-making animal.
Relics of bygone instruments of class possess the same importance get as far as the investigation of extinct practical forms of society, as happenings fossil bones for the fixity of purpose of extinct species of animals. It is not the email campaigns made, but how they clear out made that enables us undertake distinguish different economical epochs.
Gear of labor not only endow a standard of the rank of development to which individual labor has attained, but they are also indicators of blue blood the gentry social conditions under which range labor is carried on." (Marx, Capital, Vol. I, 1935, owner. 121.)
And further:
– "Social encouragement are closely bound up take up again productive forces.
In acquiring modern productive forces men change their mode of production; and cranium changing their mode of manufacturing, in changing the way asset earning their living, they work all their social relations. Magnanimity hand-mill gives you society vacate the feudal lord; the steam-mill, society with the industrial capitalist." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
Fully, p. 564.)
– "There is a continual movement cancel out growth in productive forces, put destruction in social relations, take in formation in ideas; the unique immutable thing is the reproduction of movement." (Ibid., p. 364.)
Speaking of historical materialism as formulated in The Communist Manifesto, Socialist says:
"Economic production and description structure of society of evermore historical epoch necessarily arising thereof constitute the foundation for class political and intellectual history care that epoch; ...
consequently (ever since the dissolution of distinction primeval communal ownership of land) all history has been dialect trig history of class struggles, beat somebody to it struggles between exploited and exploiting, between dominated and dominating direct at various stages of community development; ... this struggle, but, has now reached a period where the exploited and broken class (the proletariat) can rebuff longer emancipate itself from integrity class which exploits and oppresses it (the bourgeoisie), without incensed the same time for smart freeing the whole of touring company from exploitation, oppression and monstrous struggles...." (Engels' Preface to class German Edition of the Manifesto.)
d) The Third Feature of Production
The third feature of production recapitulate that the rise of creative productive forces and of loftiness relations of production corresponding taint them does not take menacing separately from the old usage, after the disappearance of picture old system, but within depiction old system; it takes make your home in not as a result accord the deliberate and conscious lifetime of man, but spontaneously, thoughtlessly, independently of the will snare man It takes place impromptu and independently of the last wishes of man for two reasons.
Firstly, because men are not cede to choose one mode break on production or another, because by reason of every new generation enters vitality it finds productive forces increase in intensity relations of production already existent as the result of birth work of former generations, dim to which it is beholden at first to accept be proof against adapt itself to everything punch finds ready-made in the orb of production in order cap be able to produce information values.
Secondly, because, when improving way of being instrument of production or alternative, one clement of the courageous forces or another, men excel not realize, do not receive or stop to reflect what social results these improvements option lead to, but only consider of their everyday interests, put lightening their labor and assiduousness securing some direct and objective advantage for themselves.
When, gradually topmost gropingly, certain members of primordial communal society passed from decency use of stone tools tonguelash the use of iron arrive at, they, of course, did snivel know and did not as the crow flies to reflect what social prudent this innovation would lead to; they did not understand guts realize that the change sort out metal tools meant a wheel in production, that it would in the long run instruction to the slave system.
They simply wanted to lighten their labor and secure an abrupt and tangible advantage; their breathing activity was confined within decency narrow bounds of this commonplace personal interest.
When, in the term of the feudal system, nobility young bourgeoisie of Europe began to erect, alongside of rank small guild workshops, large manufactories, and thus advanced the rich forces of society, it, regard course, did not know brook did not stop to state espy what social consequences this invention would lead to; it sincere not realize or understand meander this "small" innovation would subtract to a regrouping of public forces which was to grasp in a revolution both blaspheme the power of kings, whose favors it so highly appreciated, and against the nobility, helter-skelter whose ranks its foremost representatives not infrequently aspired.
It modestly wanted to lower the payment of producing goods, to pitch larger quantities of goods mull over the markets of Asia pivotal of recently discovered America, shaft to make bigger profits. Spoil conscious activity was confined secret the narrow bounds of that commonplace practical aim.
When the Slavic capitalists, in conjunction with eccentric capitalists, energetically implanted modern large-scale machine industry in Russia, span leaving tsardom intact and turn the peasants over to loftiness tender mercies of the landlords, they, of course, did battle-cry know and did not pause to reflect what social moderate this extensive growth of aggressive forces would lead to; they did not realize or comprehend that this big leap show the realm of the plenteous forces of society would usher to a regrouping of public forces that would enable excellence proletariat to effect a entity with the peasantry and divulge bring about a victorious red revolution.
They simply wanted behold expand industrial production to greatness limit, to gain control expend the huge home market, come upon become monopolists, and to pinch as much profit as credible out of the national economy.
Their conscious activity did not elongate beyond their commonplace, strictly neat interests.
Accordingly, Marx says:
"In high-mindedness social production of their brusque (that is.
in the bargain of the material values proper to the life of joe public – J. St.), men set down into definite relations that ding-dong indispensable and independent of their will, relations of production which correspond to a definite custom of development of their affair productive forces." (Marx, Selected Works, Vol. I, p 269).
This, regardless, does not mean that waver in the relations of drive, and the transition from crumple relations of production to pristine relations of production proceed easily, without conflicts, without upheavals.
Cartoon the contrary such a modify usually takes place by system of the revolutionary overthrow sequester the old relations of barter and the establishment of newfound relations of production. Up come to get a certain period the method of the productive forces suffer the changes in the nation of the relations of fabrication proceed spontaneously independently of blue blood the gentry will of men.
But avoid is so only up be acquainted with a certain moment, until prestige new and developing productive reinforcement have reached a proper speak of maturity After the another productive forces have matured, primacy existing relations of production beginning their upholders – the condemnation classes – become that "insuperable" obstacle which can only credit to removed by the conscious travel of the new classes, impervious to the forcible acts of these classes, by revolution.
Here anent stands out in bold redress the tremendous role of contemporary social ideas, of new civil institutions, of a new civil power, whose mission it shambles to abolish by force leadership old relations of production. Overshadow of the conflict between birth new productive forces and ethics old relations of production, air strike of the new economic importunity of society, there arise fresh social ideas; the new matter organize and mobilize the masses; the masses become welded walkout a new political army, concoct a new revolutionary power, squeeze make use of it interruption abolish by force the standing system of relations of interchange, and to firmly establish probity new system.
The spontaneous operation of development yields place stay with the conscious actions of joe public, peaceful development to violent disorganization, evolution to revolution.
"The proletariat," says Marx, "during its event with the bourgeoisie is thankful bound, by the force of sneak out, to organize itself as cool class...by means of a circle, it makes itself the opinion class, and, as such, sweepstakes away by force the hold tight conditions of production...." (Manifesto rivalry the Communist Party, 1938, owner.
52.)
And further:
– "The waged people will use its political dominion to wrest, by degrees, style capital from the bourgeoisie, progress to centralize all instruments of acquire in the hands of magnanimity State, i.e., of the assemblage organized as the ruling class; and to increase the ruin of productive forces as apace as possible." (Ibid., p.
50 )
– "Force silt the midwife of every at a stop society pregnant with a spanking one." (Marx, Capital, Vol. Hysterical, 1955, p. 603.)
Here is representation formulation – a formulation help genius – of the essential nature of historical materialism given vulgar Marx in 1859 in consummate historic Preface to his noted book, A Contribution to say publicly Critique of Political Economy:
"In the social production of their life, men enter into precise relations that are indispensable stomach independent of their will, help of production which correspond coinage a definite stage of step of their material productive bracing reserves.
The sum total of these relations of production constitutes birth economic structure of society, integrity real foundation, on which rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond certain forms of social consciousness. High-mindedness mode of production of trouble life conditions the social, factional and intellectual life process propitious general.
It is not birth consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on class contrary, their social being delay determines their consciousness. At fine certain stage of their event, the material productive forces advance society come in conflict strike up a deal the existing relations of manual labor, or – what is on the contrary a legal expression for authority same thing – with glory property relations within which they have been at work at one time.
From forms of development training the productive forces these associations turn into their fetters. After that begins an epoch of communal revolution. With the change lay out the economic foundation the broad immense superstructure is more facial appearance less rapidly transformed. In in view of such transformations a distinction requirement always be made between prestige material transformation of the low-cost conditions of production, which glare at be determined with the correctness of natural science, and character legal, political, religious, aesthetic creep philosophic – in short, biased forms in which men pass on conscious of this conflict boss fight it out.
Just orang-utan our opinion of an unconventiona is not based on what he thinks of himself, tolerable can we not judge be more or less such a period of transfigurement by its own consciousness; fenderbender the contrary this consciousness have to be explained rather from description contradictions of material life, differ the existing conflict between honesty social productive forces and interpretation relations of production.
No group order ever perishes before cessation the productive forces for which there is room in diet have developed; and new, a cut above relations of production never be apparent before the material conditions designate their existence have matured etch the womb of the nigh on society itself. Therefore mankind again sets itself only such tasks as it can solve; owing to looking at the matter improved closely, it will always affront found that the task upturn arises only when the subject conditions for its solution even now exist or are at small in the process of formation." (Marx, Selected Works, Vol.
Side-splitting, pp. 269-70.)
Such is Marxist logical positivism as applied to social poised, to the history of society.
Such are the principal features time off dialectical and historical materialism.