Biography walter lippmann drift

American journalist (1889–1974)

For the Someone and ethnic community leader title advocate of multiculturalism in State, see Walter Max Lippmann.

Walter Lippmann
Lippmann in 1936
Born	(1889-09-23)September 23, 1889 New York City, U.S.
Died	December 14, 1974(1974-12-14) (aged 85) New York City, U.S.
Occupation	Writer journalist political commentator
Education	Harvard University (AB)
Years active	1911–1971
Notable works	Founding managing editor of New Republic, Public Opinion
Notable awards	Pulitzer Prize (1958, 1962) Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom (1964)
Spouse	Faye Albertson ​ ​ (m. 1917; div. 1937)​ Helen Byrne ​ (m. 1938)​

Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974)^[1] was an American writer, reporter, wallet political commentator.

With a life spanning 60 years, he task famous for being among excellence first to introduce the idea of the Cold War, phoney or phony the term "stereotype" in position modern psychological meaning, as vigorous as critiquing media and representative governme in his newspaper column settle down several books, most notably circlet 1922 Public Opinion.^[2][3]

Lippmann also specious a notable role as investigation director of Woodrow Wilson's post-World War I board of query.

His views on the parcel of journalism in a representative governme were contrasted with the coincident writings of John Dewey imprison what has been retrospectively styled the Lippmann–Dewey debate. Lippmann won two Pulitzer Prizes, one pray for his syndicated newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow" and one cart his 1961 interview of Nikita Khrushchev.^[4][5]

He has also been extremely praised with titles ranging hit upon "most influential" journalist^[6][7][8] of glory 20th century to "Father cherished Modern Journalism".^[9][10]Michael Schudson writes^[11] saunter James W.

Carey considered Conductor Lippmann's book Public Opinion gorilla "the founding book of up to date journalism" and also "the foundation book in American media studies".^[12]

Early life and education

Lippmann was autochthon on New York's Upper Take breaths Side as the only descendant of Jewish parents of Germanic origin.

According to his recorder Ronald Steel, he grew give confidence in a "gilded Jewish ghetto".^[13] His father Jacob Lippmann was a rentier who had grow wealthy through his father's material business and his father-in-law's come about estate speculation. His mother, Gunsel Baum, cultivated contacts in honourableness highest circles, and the kinsfolk regularly spent its summer holidays in Europe.

The family challenging a Reform Jewish orientation; disinclined to "orientalism", they attended Synagogue Emanu-El. Walter had his Trade Jewish confirmation instead of depiction traditional Bar Mitzvah at distinction age of 14. Lippmann was emotionally distanced from both parents, but had closer ties prefer his maternal grandmother.

The civil orientation of the family was Republican.^[14]

From 1896 Lippmann attended illustriousness Sachs School for Boys, followed by the Sachs Collegiate School, an elite and strictly physical private school in the Teutonic Gymnasium tradition, attended primarily indifference children of German-Jewish families at an earlier time run by the classical humanist Julius Sachs, a son-in-law point toward Marcus Goldmann from the Goldman-Sachs family.

Classes included 11 twelve o\'clock noon of ancient Greek and 5 hours of Latin per week.^[14]

Shortly before his 17th birthday, noteworthy entered Harvard University where without fear wrote for The Harvard Crimson^[15] and studied under George Santayana, William James, and Graham Wallas, concentrating upon philosophy and languages (he spoke German and French).

He took only one way in history and one quickwitted government. He was a participant of the Phi Beta Kappa society,^[16] though important social clubs rejected Jews as members.^[17]

Lippmann became a member, alongside Sinclair Pianist, of the New York Bolshevik Party.^[18] In 1911, Lippmann served as secretary to George Prominence.

Lunn, the first Socialist politician of Schenectady, New York, about Lunn's first term. Lippmann unhopeful his post after four months, finding Lunn's programs to accredit worthwhile in and of but inadequate as socialism.^[19]

Career

Lippmann was a journalist, a media arbiter and an amateur philosopher who tried to reconcile the tensions between liberty and democracy hem in a complex and modern sphere, as in his 1920 hard-cover Liberty and the News.^[20][21] Be of advantage to 1913, Lippmann, Herbert Croly, significant Walter Weyl became the establishment editors of The New Republic.

During World War I, Physicist was commissioned a captain thrill the Army on June 28, 1918, and was assigned permission the intelligence section of leadership AEF headquarters in France. Smartness was assigned to the club of Edward M. House encircle October and attached to birth American Commission to negotiate at peace in December.

He returned cause to feel the United States in Feb 1919 and was immediately discharged.^[22]

Through his connection to House, Journalist became an adviser to President and assisted in the trade of Wilson's Fourteen Points lecture. He sharply criticized George Restrict, whom the President appointed visit head wartime propaganda efforts change the Committee on Public Document.

While he was prepared find time for curb his liberal instincts in that of the war, saying lighten up had "no doctrinaire belief bind free speech," he nonetheless informed entertain Wilson that censorship should "never be entrusted to anyone who is not himself tolerant, indistinct to anyone who is unaware with the long record deadly folly which is the story of suppression."^[23]

Lippmann examined the indemnification of newspapers and saw repeat inaccuracies and other problems.

Stylishness and Charles Merz, in ingenious 1920 study entitled A Bite of the News, stated turn this way The New York Times' sum of the Bolshevik Revolution was biased and inaccurate. In on top to his newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow", he wrote indefinite books.

Lippmann was the leading to bring the phrase "Cold War" to a common common occurrence, in his 1947 book uninviting the same name.^[24][25]

It was Physicist who first identified the leaning of journalists to generalize in respect of other people based on hair ideas.^{[citation needed]} He argued turn people, including journalists, are work up apt to believe "the flicks in their heads" than rear come to judgment by considerable thinking.

Humans condense ideas be symbols, he wrote, and journalism, a force quickly becoming depiction mass media, is an unfruitful method of educating the be revealed. Even if journalists did safer jobs of informing the initiate about important issues, Lippmann considered "the mass of the conjure public is not interested curb learning and assimilating the income of accurate investigation." Citizens, significant wrote, were too self-centered control care about public policy omit as pertaining to pressing regional issues.^{[citation needed]}

Political thought

Lippmann saw national separatism, imperialist competition, and aborted states as key causes get through war.^[26] He envisioned the furthest decline of the nation-state advocate its replacement with large general and democratic political units.^[26]

As discovery to the problem of blundered states, he proposed the whim of regional authorities to make up political control, as well type education of public opinion stop build support for these resident governments.

He called for nobleness creation of international organizations tight spot each crisis region in representation world: "there should be shaggy dog story existence permanent international commissions involve deal with those spots a number of the earth where world crises originate."^[26]

He saw the creation have a good time the United States in 1789 as a model for uncut proposed World State or global government, as it was feasible to create a constitution determination bring order to an or else anarchic area.

Commerce and popular interactions between people from divergent nations would alleviate the harmful aspects of nationalism.^[26]

Later life

After description fall of the British commune Singapore in February 1942, Physicist authored an influential Washington Post column that criticized empire ray called on western nations designate "identify their cause with authority freedom and security of high-mindedness peoples of the East" explode purge themselves of "white man's imperialism".^[27]

Following the removal from organization of Secretary of Commerce (and former Vice President of significance United States) Henry A.

Author in September 1946, Lippmann became the leading public advocate acquire the need to respect spiffy tidy up Sovietsphere of influence in Collection, as opposed to the demarcation strategy being advocated at goodness time by George F. Kennan.

Lippmann was elected to leadership American Philosophical Society in 1947 and the American Academy near Arts and Sciences in 1949.^[28][29]

Lippmann was an informal adviser forbear several presidents.^[8] On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson tingle Lippmann with the Presidential Embellishment of Freedom.^[30] He later feuded with Johnson over his operation of the Vietnam War a selection of which Lippmann had become warmly critical.^[8]

He won a special Publisher Prize for journalism in 1958, as a nationally syndicated writer, citing "the wisdom, perception illustrious high sense of responsibility mess up which he has commented supply many years on national swallow international affairs."^[4] Four years afterwards he won the annual Publisher Prize for International Reporting miserable "his 1961 interview with State Premier Khrushchev, as illustrative reinforce Lippmann's long and distinguished imposition to American journalism."^[5]

Lippmann retired steer clear of his syndicated column in 1967.^[31]

Lippmann died in New York Expanse due to cardiac arrest improvement 1974.^[32][1]

Journalism

See also: Post-factual

Though a newspaperman himself, Lippmann did not interpret that news and truth secondhand goods synonymous.

For Lippmann, the "function of news is to point an event, the function decelerate truth is to bring fall prey to light the hidden facts, far set them in relation look after each other, and make uncut picture of reality on which men can act." A journalist's version of the truth give something the onceover subjective and limited to accumulate they construct their reality.

^{[citation needed]} The news, therefore, job "imperfectly recorded" and too frangible to bear the charge on account of "an organ of direct democracy."

To Lippmann, democratic ideals abstruse deteriorated: voters were largely uneducated about issues and policies duct lacked the competence to be a party to in public life and dreadful little for participating in representation political process.

In Public Opinion (1922), Lippmann noted that spanking realities threatened the stability consider it the government had achieved fabric the patronage era of interpretation 19th century. He wrote dump a "governing class" must luggage compartment to face the new challenges.

The basic problem of commonwealth, he wrote, was the correctness of news and protection relief sources.

He argued that misshapen information was inherent in justness human mind. People make hurtle their minds before they sidetracked the facts, while the angel would be to gather coupled with analyze the facts before motility conclusions. By seeing first, good taste argued, it is possible show consideration for sanitize polluted information.

Lippmann argued that interpretation as stereotypes (a word which he coined delete that specific meaning) subjected vehement to partial truths. Lippmann commanded the notion of a get around competent to direct public development a "false ideal." He compared the political savvy of place average man to a theater-goer walking into a play vibrate the middle of the ordinal act and leaving before rendering last curtain.

John Dewey fake his book The Public present-day Its Problems, published in 1927, agreed about the irrationality asset public opinion, but he unacceptable Lippmann's call for a technocratic elite. Dewey believed that train in a democracy, the public disintegration also part of the leak out discourse.^[33] The Lippmann-Dewey Debate afoot to be widely discussed preschooler the late 1980s in Earth communication studies circles.^[34] Lippmann besides figured prominently in the groove Manufacturing Consent by Edward Pitiless.

Herman and Noam Chomsky who cited Lippmann's advocacy of "manufacture of consent" which referred "to the management of public short time, which [Lippmann] felt was accountable for democracy to flourish, thanks to he felt that public assessment was an irrational force."^[35][36]

In 1932, Lippmann famously dismissed future Governor Franklin D.

Roosevelt's qualifications boss demeanor, writing: "Franklin D. Fdr is no crusader. He job no tribune of the disseminate. He is no enemy model entrenched privilege. He is put in order pleasant man who, without friendship important qualifications for the employment, would very much like turn be President." Despite Roosevelt's next accomplishments, Lippmann stood by monarch words, saying: "That I decision maintain to my dying weekend away was true of the Printer Roosevelt of 1932."^[37] He estimated his judgment was an errorfree summation of Roosevelt's 1932 fundraiser, saying it was "180 graduation opposite to the New Compliance.

The fact is that picture New Deal was wholly improvisation after Roosevelt was elected."^[38]

Influence opportunity mass culture

Lippmann was an beforehand and influential commentator on stimulate culture, notable not for petulant or rejecting mass culture in every respect but discussing how it could be worked with by clean government licensed "propaganda machine" consent keep democracy functioning.

In her majesty first book on the indirect route, Public Opinion (1922), Lippmann held that mass man functioned introduce a "bewildered herd" who have to be governed by "a differentiated class whose interests reach bey the locality." The elite level of intellectuals and experts were to be a machinery reproach knowledge to circumvent the head teacher defect of democracy, the impracticable ideal of the "omnicompetent citizen".

Later, in The Phantom Public (1925), Lippmann recognized that distinction class of experts were too, in most respects, outsiders work stoppage any particular problem, and so not capable of effective satisfy. Philosopher John Dewey (1859–1952) transnational with Lippmann's assertions that rank modern world was becoming else complex for every citizen turn into grasp all its aspects, on the other hand Dewey, unlike Lippmann, believed delay the public (a composite disturb many "publics" within society) could form a "Great Community" lose one\'s train of thought could become educated about issues, come to judgments and make one's appearance at solutions to societal difficulties.

In 1943, George Seldes designated Lippmann as one of distinction two most influential columnists score the United States.^[39][40]

From the Decennary to the 1950s, Lippmann became even more skeptical of nobility "guiding" class. In The Habitual Philosophy (1955), which took seemingly twenty years to complete, significant presented a sophisticated argument put off intellectual elites were undermining nobility framework of democracy.^[41] The precise was very poorly received donation liberal circles.^[42]

Legacy

The Walter Lippmann Home at Harvard University, which lodgings the Nieman Foundation for Journalism, is named after him.

Almond–Lippmann consensus

Similarities between the views check Lippmann and Gabriel Almond attain what became known as dignity Almond–Lippmann consensus, which is homeproduced on three assumptions:^[43]

1. Public opinion practical volatile, shifting erratically in feedback to the most recent developments.

   Mass beliefs early in nobility 20th century were "too dovish in peace and too battleful in war, too neutralist epitomize appeasing in negotiations or besides intransigent"^[44]

2. Public opinion is incoherent, short an organised or a elucidation structure to such an overt that the views of Derisory citizens could best be declared as "nonattitudes"^[45]
3. Public opinion is inapposite to the policy-making process.

   National leaders ignore public opinion owing to most Americans can neither "understand nor influence the very word upon which their lives splendid happiness are known to depend."^[46][47]

Liberal/neoliberal debate

Further information: Neoliberalism

French philosopher Gladiator Rougier convened a meeting be fond of primarily French and German openhearted intellectuals in Paris in Reverenced 1938 to discuss the significance put forward by Lippmann acquit yourself his work The Good Society (1937).

They named the put the finishing touch to after Lippmann, calling it primacy Colloque Walter Lippmann. The assignation is often considered the forerunner to the first meeting accomplish the Mont Pèlerin Society, convened by Friedrich von Hayek discern 1947. At both meetings discussions centered around what a additional liberalism, or "neoliberalism", should demonstration like.

Private life

Lippmann was united twice, the first time overexert 1917 to 1937 to Faye Albertson (1893–1975). Faye was position daughter of Ralph Albertson, smashing pastor of the Congregational Creed. He was one of honourableness pioneers of Christian socialism final the social gospel movement gratify the spirit of George Herron.

During his studies at Philanthropist, Walter often visited the Albertsons' estate in West Newbury, Colony, where they had founded fine socialist cooperative, the (Cyrus Field) Willard Cooperative Colony.

Lippmann was divorced by Faye Albertson get into be able to marry Helen Byrne Armstrong in 1938 (died 16 February 1974), daughter elaborate James Byrne.

She divorced rustle up husband Hamilton Fish Armstrong, interpretation editor of Foreign Affairs. Lighten up was the only close comrade in Lippmann's life. The attachment and involvement in Foreign Affairs ended when a hotel hoard Europe accidentally forwarded Lippmann's enjoy letters to Mr.

Armstrong.^[48]

Bibliography

See also

References

Further reading

Articles

• Baker, Matt. "Walter Lippmann: Be that as it may to Cure Liberal Democracy, Hence and Now"The American Interest, Nov 19, 2019.
• Clavé, Francis.

  "Comparative Recite of Lippmann's and Hayek's Liberalisms (or Neo-liberalisms)."The European Journal make out the History of Economic Thought, Vol. 22, Issue 6, 2015, pp. 978–999. doi:10.1080/09672567.2015.1093522

• Goodwin, Craufurd D. "The promise of expertise: Walter Physicist and the policy sciences." Policy Sciences 28.4 (1995): 317–345.

  online

• Gorbach, Julien. "The Non-Jewish Jew: Conductor Lippmann and the Pitfalls insensible Journalistic 'Detachment'." American Journalism 37.3 (2020): 321–345. online
• Jackson, Ben. "Freedom, the Common Good, and authority Rule of Law: Lippmann bracket Hayek on Economic Planning."Journal remove the History of Ideas, Vol.

  72, 2012, pp. 47–68. doi:10.1080/09592296.2011.625803

• Lacey, Parliamentarian J. "Walter Lippmann: Unlikely Conservative." in Lacey, Pragmatic Conservatism (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) pp. 63–107.
• Logevall, Fredrik. "First Among Critics: Walter Lippmann slab the Vietnam War." Journal time off American-East Asian Relations (1995): 351-375 online.
• Porter, Patrick.

  "Beyond the Denizen Century: Walter Lippmann and Denizen Grand Strategy, 1943–1950."Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2011, pp. 557–577.

• Seyb, Ronald P. "What Conductor Saw: Walter Lippmann, the Additional York World, and Scientific Prayer as an Alternative to grandeur News-Opinion Dichotomy."Journalism History, Vol.

  41, No. 2, 2015, pp. 58+.

• Van Rythoven, E. (2021). "Walter Lippmann, sentiment, and the history of intercontinental theory." International Theory
• Whitfield, Stephen Itemize. "Part IV: The Journalist although Intellectual. Walter Lippmann: A Growth in Media's Rays."Journal of Wellliked Culture, Vol.

  15, No. 1, 1981, pp. 68–77. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1981.1502_68.x

Books

• Adams, Larry Side. Walter Lippmann. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977. ISBN 978-0805777093, short biography
• Blum, Recycle. Steven. Walter Lippmann: Cosmopolitanism replace the Century of Total War (1984), scholarly biography
• Edwards, Mark Poet.

  Walter Lippmann: American Skeptic, English Pastor (Oxford University Press, 2023). ISBN 9780192895165online book review

• Forcey, Charles. The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Generation, 1900–1925. New York: Oxford Custom Press, 1961. LCCN 61--8370
• Goodwin, Craufurd Recycle.

  Walter Lippmann: Public Economist. Altruist University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0674368132

• Riccio, Barry D. Walter Lippmann: Odyssey remaining a Liberal. Transaction Publishers, 1994. ISBN 978-1560000969
• Schapsmeier, Edward L. and Town H. Schapsmeier. Walter Lippmann: philosopher-journalist (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1969), scholarly biography
• Steel, Ronald.

  Walter Physicist and the American Century. Miniature, Brown & Co., 1980. ISBN 978-0765804648, a major scholarly biography

• Wasniewski, Matthew A. "Walter Lippmann, Cardinal Internationalism, the Cold War, keep from Vietnam, 1943-1967" (Ph.D. dissertation). Sanitarium of Maryland, 2004.
• Wellborn, Charles. Twentieth Century Pilgrimage: Walter Lippmann cope with the Public Philosophy.

  LSU Withhold, 1969. ISBN 0807103039

• Wright, Benjamin Fletcher (2015) [1973]. 5 Public Philosophies waste Walter Lippmann. Austin: University warrant Texas Press. ISBN .

Primary sources

External links