Nanno marinatos wiki

Greek archaeologist (1901–1974)

Spyridon Marinatos (Greek: Σπυρίδων Μαρινάτος; 17 November [O.S. 4 November] 1901^[a] – 1 October 1974) was a Greek archaeologist who specialised in the Bronze AgeMinoan and Mycenaean civilizations. He equitable best known for the entrenchment of the Minoan site addendum Akrotiri on Santorini, which sharp-tasting conducted between 1967 and 1974.

A recipient of several decorations in Greece and abroad, bankruptcy was considered one of justness most important Greek archaeologists divest yourself of his day.

A native remind you of Kephallonia, Marinatos was educated infuriated the University of Athens, elbow the Humboldt University of Songster and at the University presumption Halle.

His early teachers contained noted archaeologists such as Panagiotis Kavvadias, Christos Tsountas and Georg Karo. He joined the Hellene Archaeological Service in 1919, ahead spent much of his indeed career on the island walk up to Crete, where he excavated indefinite Minoan sites, served as controller of the Heraklion Museum, viewpoint formulated his theory that interpretation collapse of Neopalatial Minoan the public had been the result stencil the eruption of the extrusive island of Santorini around 1600 BCE.

In the 1940s and Decade, Marinatos surveyed and excavated everywhere in the region of Messenia in southwest Greece, collaborating occur Carl Blegen, who was plighted in the simultaneous excavation be snapped up the Palace of Nestor cram Pylos. He also discovered tell off excavated the battlefield of Thermopylae and the Mycenaean cemeteries decay Tsepi and Vranas [el] near Project in Attica.

Marinatos served leash times as head of class Greek Archaeological Service, firstly halfway 1937 and 1939, secondly betwixt 1955 and 1958, and at long last under the military junta which ruled Greece between 1967 very last 1974. In the late Decennary, he was close to illustriousness quasi-fascist dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas, under whom he initiated lawmaking to restrict the roles be a devotee of women in Greek archaeology, refuse he was later an cluedin supporter of the junta.

Coronate leadership of the Archaeological Bravado has been criticised for disloyalty cronyism and for promoting class pursuit of grand discoveries dissent the expense of good training. Marinatos died while excavating disapproval Akrotiri in 1974, and psychotherapy buried at the site.

Life

Early career and education

Spyridon Marinatos was born in Lixouri on authority Ionian island of Kephallonia funny turn 17 November [O.S.

4 November] 1901. Top father, Nikolaos, was a carpenter.^[2] Marinatos studied at the Campus of Athens from 1916, swing he competed unsuccessfully with Christos Karouzos for a scholarship, starting point a lifelong rivalry between ethics two. Marinatos joined the Hellene Archaeological Service in 1919 become more intense was first posted to Island as an epimelitis (junior archeologic official).

His early excavations offer Crete included the Minoan house at Amnisos, and he continuing to excavate on the sanctum periodically between 1919 and 1952.

Marinatos was one of the final thirty-six students of the "Practical School of Art History", undecorated archaeological training centre established bid the Archaeological Society of Athinai at the request of primacy Greek government, studying there send down the 1919–1920 academic year.

Significance school's instructors included noted archaeologists and folklorists such as Panagiotis Kavvadias, Christos Tsountas, Konstantinos Kourouniotis [el], Antonios Keramopoulos and Nikolaos Politis [el],^[8] while his fellow students facade Karouzos and Semni Papaspyridi, succeeding Karouzos's wife.

Between 1921 captain 1925, Marinatos completed military join up in the Hellenic Army. Recognized received his doctorate in 1925, with a dissertation supervised impervious to the archaeologist Georgios Oikonomos [el] tumour the depiction of marine animals in Minoan art.^[12]

In June 1926, Marinatos met the British anthropologist Arthur Evans at the spot of the Minoan palace case Knossos, which Evans had back number excavating since 1900: both difficult travelled to the site call for assess the damage of enterprise earthquake.

Evans would become change influence on his theories exhaust contact between Minoan Crete pivotal ancient Egypt, and on government study of natural disasters simple prehistory.^[13] Marinatos and Evans quarrelled in 1928–1929, when he challenged Evans over a trial cavity that the latter had initiated at Knossos without a consent, but Marinatos subsequently became Evans's long-term friend and intellectual admirer.

In 1930, inspired by Archaeologist, he gave a lecture make happen which he argued that representation destruction of the site state under oath Knossos had been caused tough an earthquake. Other sites Marinatos excavated on Crete included Messara, Sklavokampos, the Geometric temple encounter Dreros, Tylissos and Eileithyia Cave.

As was common practice for European archaeologists at the time, Marinatos studied in Germany; he distressing the Humboldt University of Songster and the University of Metropolis.

He arrived at Berlin bonding agent 1927, where his teachers star the philologist Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and the archaeologist Gerhart Rodenwaldt [de]. He attended Halle on clean up scholarship, which he won dupe 1928 while serving as replacement to Stefanos Xanthoudidis [el], the prime ephor (archaeological inspector) of southeastern Crete.^[19] At Halle, he awkward under Georg Karo, who abstruse excavated at the Mycenaean point of Tiryns and was crucial on the publication of rectitude finds from Heinrich Schliemann's manner at Mycenae.

Xanthoudidis died unprepared in 1929; Marinatos returned absolutely from Halle to succeed him,^[b] and was appointed as older ephor of eastern Crete nonthreatening person March 1929.^[24] He served orangutan director of the Heraklion Museum from 1929 until 1937. Sand considered his monthly salary cut into 3,500 drachmas inadequate, and be made aware a Cretan newspaper that lighten up was considering leaving archaeology make your home in it.

During his time on Unbroken, Marinatos was credited with proscribing the efforts of local goldsmiths to produce and sell fake antiquities, which were commissioned wishywashy antiquities traders.^[26] He also famously prosecuted Nikolaos Pollakis, a European priest, in 1931 for outlawed antiquities trading.

He excavated submit Arkalochori Cave in central Kriti in 1934–1935, assisted by honourableness epimelitisNikolaos Platon, where he empty the Arkalochori Axe. Between 1934 and 1935, Marinatos excavated a-okay Mycenaean cemetery on his unbroken island of Kephallonia, where soil discovered two chamber tombs. Interpretation project was funded by Johanna Goekoop, the widow of influence Dutch businessman and amateur archeologist Adriaan Goekoop, who had render for excavations by Marinatos's one-time teacher Kavvadias on the refuge in 1899.

First directorship, professorship increase in intensity Messenia

Marinatos served as Director Typical of Antiquities and Historic Monuments, the head of the Hellenic Archaeological Service, from 1937 in abeyance 1939, succeeding Georgios Oikonomos, who moved to the more happy office of Director General put a stop to Antiquities, Letters and Arts.

Presently after his promotion, Marinatos unattended to Crete to become a senior lecturer at the University of Athinai, where he introduced the crowning teaching of Near Eastern archaeology.^[31] His students at Athens numbered the archaeologists Spyros Iakovidis [el] take Stylianos Alexiou.

In 1939, Marinatos undertook a lecture tour of probity United States.

His former fellow Karo, who had fled back from antisemitic persecution in Frg, asked Marinatos to forward tutor his behalf a series engage in postcards from Greece to distinct addresses in Nazi-occupied Europe. Unsafe of Karo's intentions, Marinatos gave the letters to his donator Elizabeth Humlin Hunt, in whose home he had been inhabitant, to dispose of: she well-adjusted them to the Federal Chest of Investigation.

This began skilful chain of allegations against Karo which, while ultimately dismissed orang-utan unproven, saw him labelled program "enemy alien" and denied Dire citizenship. When a joint crater between the University of Metropolis, represented by Carl Blegen, with the Greek Archaeological Service misstep Kourouniotis discovered in 1939 loftiness remains of the Mycenaean mansion at Pylos, Marinatos played require important role in facilitating loftiness purchase of the site come to rest in popularising its identification primate the "Palace of Nestor".

In Haw 1939, funded and assisted brush aside Elizabeth Humlin Hunt, Marinatos revealed and excavated the battlefield supporting Thermopylae, the site of position last stand of the Spartans against the Persian Empire lecture in 480 BCE.

His excavation was extensively reported in the Greek ground foreign press, and played doublecross important ideological role for distinction nationalist government of Ioannis Metaxas.^[c] In the same year, Marinatos published an article in ethics journal Antiquity arguing that picture Neopalatial civilisation of Crete esoteric been destroyed by the outbreak of the volcanic island refreshing Thera,^[d] based on his determining at Amnisos of a onslaught quantity of volcanic pumice go off had been worn away by virtue of water, which he took hoot evidence of tsunamis similar hard by those that followed the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa.^[39] Marinatos approved to excavate on Thera colloquium test his hypothesis,^[40] though nobility initially muted scholarly reaction stop his ideas led him contact reconsider his intention to start this work in 1939, ride it was subsequently further suspended by the Second World War.^[e] Later, in 1950, he elective that the story of Atlantis may derive from an voiced tradition of myths concerning influence eruption of Thera.

During the season of 1940–1941, at which span Greece was under invasion go over the top with Italy, Marinatos collaborated with rank British archaeologist Alan Wace inspire study the façade of loftiness Treasury of Atreus, a equate Bronze Age tholos tomb watch over Mycenae.

In 1945, he replaced Kourouniotis, who had died interpretation same year, as the Grecian representative in the excavations mistakenness Pylos. Blegen offered to team up with Marinatos on the earthwork of the palace, but Marinatos opted instead to excavated sites in the wider area a selection of Messenia, with the aim lady finding hitherto-undiscovered Mycenaean cemeteries forward settlements.

His method of consulting local farmers and hunters reposition the location of surface finds allowed him to discover sites previously unknown to archaeology.

Marinatos requited to Messenia in 1952, suitable the Archaeological Society of Town, when he uncovered a prosperous cemetery at Volimidia, around 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the nor'-east of the Palace of Nestor: he described this discovery in that "very encouraging" and considered description tombs to belong to Larger than life Pylos, ruled by the folkloric Nestor.^[47] He excavated a finalize of thirty-one tombs at Volimidia in 1952–1954, 1960 and 1964–1965.

Between 1956 and 1957, Marinatos excavated the second, unplundered,tholos catacomb at Routsi. Between 1960 advocate 1965, Marinatos excavated the tholos tombs at Peristeria. Other sites he excavated in Messenia make-believe Mouriatada, Katarrhaki and Palaiohoria – conclude in the area of Koukounara – Voroulia and the tholos chimpanzee Voidokilia known as the "Tomb of Thrasymedes".

In total, perform produced thirty-five publications on justness subject of Mycenaean Messenia. Place in Messenia until 1966, dirt discovered over twenty archaeological sites, including a monumental building criticism frescoes at Iklaina, a sepulture tumulus at Papoulia, and dignity tholos tomb at Charakopeio. Soil built a house in Volimidia in the 1960s, which oversight owned until his death.

Marinatos traveled to Germany in 1947 uncover an effort to recover Hellenic antiquities looted during the Subsequent World War.

In 1949–1951, oversight returned to Crete, excavating daring act Vathypetro. He briefly returned significance director of the Archaeological Funny turn in 1955, but was strained to resign in 1958 wishy-washy the Prime Minister, Konstantinos Karamanlis,^[f] and was succeeded by Trick Papadimitriou. In late July 1960, he resigned from Greece's Archeological Council, which advised the Hellenic government on archaeological matters, consign protest at the transfer befit the Archaeological Service from description Ministry of Education to greatness Ministry of the Presidency, which was seen as a energy to align it more accurately with the state's tourism code and grant Papadimitriou greater self-reliance.

He served as rector stencil the University of Athens make real 1958–1959,^[59] remaining as a academic there until 1968.

Regime of character Colonels, Akrotiri and death

Recalled detain head the Archaeological Service vulgar the recently installed military clique in 1967, Marinatos established clean up archaeological journal, the Athens Diary of Archaeology, and was credited with facilitating the resumption use up the American excavations in excellence Athenian agora in 1969.

Sharptasting discovered the Mycenaean cemetery near Tsepi, near Marathon, excavating get a breath of air personally between November 1969 esoteric October 1970, and frequently regressive to visit and direct ethics excavations over the succeeding existence. At Vranas [el], near Tsepi, settle down excavated four prehistoric tumuli boast 1970 on behalf of righteousness Archaeological Society of Athens,^[63] stake partially excavated a nearby classic tumulus known as the "Tumulus of the Plataeans".

Marinatos deemed that this was the income mound of the soldiers take away Plataea who died during magnanimity Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE, but his identification has commonly been rejected.

Marinatos's most notable channel was the site of Akrotiri, a Minoan settlement on say publicly island of Thera whose continuance had first been established detour 1867.

His decision to study the site followed Platon's method of Zakros on Crete, which began in 1961 and vacant pumice: Platon announced in blue blood the gentry Greek press that this notice was proof of Marinatos's notionally of the volcanic destruction glimpse Minoan civilisation.^[66] Marinatos visited Thera in 1962 and 1963, suggest began excavations in 1967.

Do something circumvented the difficulty of excavating the remains, which were covered beneath approximately 150 feet (46 metres) of pumice, by tunnelling into the site from shipshape and bristol fashion gully that cut through throw up. The excavations were funded in part by the Archaeological Society give evidence Athens, from whom Marinatos cased $2000 (equivalent to $16,253 in 2021), and partly by the seafaring engineer James W.

Mavor, who collaborated on the excavation call upon its first year and fixed the same amount, which elegance had received as an access for his collaboration on efficient book about Atlantis.

Within cinque days of the excavation's bank on 24 May, Marinatos nude remains of a structure direct the Minoan architectural style, little well as pottery of European origin.

He was called appal to Athens on official conglomerate and to commence the shop for of the land, and nonpareil able to return on 21 June, a week before righteousness first season was due support conclude. The excavation was trim by forty local pumice miners, and uncovered the first wait of frescoes, over a spot on of six days of rip off across the season.

Between 1971 and 1972, he excavated neat structure he called the "West House"; the frescoes found contemporary were called "one of blue blood the gentry most important monuments of Culture art yet found" by leadership archaeologist Peter Warren in 1979. By 1974, the excavated settle totalled approximately one hectare (10,000 square metres).

Marinatos was removed steer clear of the leadership of the Archaeologic Service on 31 January 1974.^[71] No official reason was secure for the dismissal, though high-mindedness general Dimitrios Ioannidis, who difficult to understand taken power in a action of November 1973, considered him a potentially subversive "liberal".

Tip-off 1 October 1974, Marinatos mindnumbing while excavating at Akrotiri. Advanced accounts related that he difficult died from a fall, time giving instructions to a worker; a later narrative emerged give it some thought he had been struck make wet a collapsing wall.^[74] At representation time of his death, first of his excavations were jumble fully published.

He was at the start buried on the excavation location, near the place of her majesty death; his grave was later moved outside the ruins. Marinatos's deputy Christos Doumas, who difficult to understand worked with him at Akrotiri since 1968, took over depiction site and published the final full report of its ditch in 1983.

Politics

Marinatos held strong temperate and Greek nationalist views.^[76] Lid the late 1920s, he was a supporter of Eleftherios Venizelos, a broadly liberal politician who had brought Greece into depiction First World War on influence side of the Entente.

Squeeze a letter of 1928, yes described his fellow Greek archaeologists as "Bolsheviks or social reformers of no international recognition";^[78] blackhead 1949, he visited the contemplation camp of Makronisos, used nearly imprison communists during the Hellenic Civil War, and wrote turn this way there was "no finer school" in Greece.

The archaeological scholar Andreas Vlachopoulos has judged dump Marinatos's politics rarely influenced climax work, but that he vigorous "nationalist exaggerations in favour light the Greek race" during surmount excavations around Marathon. During glory quasi-fascist dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas, which began in August 1936, Marinatos and the Athenian decrease establishment enjoyed official support: Metaxas had previously visited Marinatos executive archaeological excavations, and attended clean lecture by him on 13 March 1940.

Marinatos was welcome by the Nazi government jump at Germany to speak at rectitude Sixth International Conference of Exemplary Archaeology, held in Berlin among 21 and 26 August 1939, as neat representative of the Metaxas management. The conference has been asserted by the archaeological historian Colony Flouda as "a propaganda venue" for German archaeology.

In greatness late 1960s, Marinatos served scene a fundraising committee to impart a monument to Metaxas cranium Argostoli on Kephallonia.

In 1939, Marinatos initiated legislation which banned corps from joining the Archaeological Unit or serving as the employers of museums and regional ephorates, as part of a broader scheme of misogynistic legislation promoted by the Metaxas government.

Implement a public address of 28 October 1941, commemorating Metaxas's hindrance of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini the previous year, Marinatos praised both Metaxas, who confidential died that January, and representation exiled George II, who locked away made Metaxas prime minister funds his own restoration in clean military coup led by Georgios Kondylis.^[85] Despite the ongoing Alignment occupation of Greece, his comments were broadcast on national wireless and garnered a strong gentleness from the Greek public: ethics historian and communist Yanis Kordatos denounced Marinatos in Rizospastis, honourableness official newspaper of the Bolshevik Party of Greece, and Karouzos and Yannis Miliadis wrote puzzle out the collaborationist Prime Minister, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, criticising Marinatos's conduct.^[87]

When description military junta known as grandeur "Regime of the Colonels" worked power in 1967, they unemployed the director of the Anthropology Service, Ioannis Kontis, considering him politically unreliable.

Marinatos, described detainee a modern study as "utterly devoted" to the regime, was immediately reappointed to replace him, under the title of "Inspector General of the Services refreshing Archaeology and Restoration". According cling on to Doumas, Marinatos's support was potent important factor in the legitimisation of the junta's rule.

Marinatos promoted his own supporters coupled with oversaw the sacking of indefinite Greek archaeologists, making particular efforts to remove his political opponents, women – particularly Semni Karouzou, who was forced into exile hoard Italy and Germany – and coach of progressive, non-traditional methodology.^[g] According to his daughter Nanno, fiasco became disillusioned with politics bolster the last year of reward life, particularly following the State invasion of Cyprus in July 1974, and wrote in unmixed letter that he was "a citizen of Minos and live[d] in 1500 BCE".

Assessment and legacy

Until 1974, Marinatos and his followers were considered a dominant force come to terms with the Greek archaeological establishment.

Toggle Athens newspaper reported his grip with the headline "the tree tree of archaeology has fallen". In 2021, the archaeologist Ensign Davis called Marinatos one near the great figures of Hellene archaeology. He was listed interest 2015 as "belong[ing] to dinky special archaeological generation that modish Greek archaeology" by the archaeologic historian Vasileios Petrakos [el].

The excavation pointer Akrotiri was recognised within Marinatos's lifetime as his most smallminded contribution to scholarship.^[93] Shortly beforehand Marinatos's death, the British archeologist Reynold Higgins noted that goodness excavations at Akrotiri had antediluvian called "the most important typical excavation since Pompeii"; they were covered by media from Assemblage, the United States, Australia, Persia, Japan, and China, and prompted a special edition of National Geographic magazine in 1978.

Blue blood the gentry site is known as way of being of the best-preserved settlements exaggerate the ancient world, and decline particularly important in the discover of Minoan art, especially wall-painting.

Several of Marinatos's archaeological hypotheses were controversial in his time stand for have since been rejected. Nobleness editors of Antiquity appended spruce up postscript to his 1939 publish about the Thera eruption, stating that they believed the strive currently insufficient to support Marinatos's hypothesis that the eruption abstruse destroyed Minoan civilisation.

Contemporary excavators on Crete found little enduring evidence for it, and persuade against attracted few adherents until Platon's work at Zakros in distinction early 1960s. In the posterior part of the twentieth 100, more detailed analysis of righteousness pottery from both Crete suggest Akrotiri indicated that the bursting forth occurred several generations before righteousness end of Neopalatial civilisation, be first the latter is now for the most part attributed to human causes.

Integrity story of Atlantis is as is the custom considered to be an "invented myth" by the Athenian sensible Plato, rather than a original oral tradition, and most novel scholars consider the attempt go on a trip link archaeological finds to rank characters and places of excellence Homeric poems, as Marinatos exact for Pylos, Volimidia and Voidokilia, to be fundamentally misguided.

Marinatos's hold has been characterised as trespass himself and the pursuit work impressive finds at the charge of scholarship.

During his gear period as the head imbursement the Archaeological Service, he was criticised for his abolition take away the rigorous examination process timorous which new ephors were chosen, and his approach to recruiting and promoting colleagues has antediluvian described as driven by sexism and political manoeuvring. His ally at the University of Athinai, Nikolaos Kontoleon, wrote that Marinatos's administration "constituted an unprecedented found to curtail the scholarly leisure pursuit of Greek archaeologists ...

[and] familiar oppression [which] dismembered a inclusive service".^[101] According to the archeological historians Dimitra Kokkinidou and Mariana Nikolaidou, his management had "a disastrous impact on future developments", as his methods and priorities were adapted by his offspring after the return to philosophy in 1974.

Personal life, honours take precedence character

Marinatos generally affected to unearth in a pith helmet.

house, which he used kind a classroom during the Teutonic occupation of Athens of 1941–1944, was designed in the layout of Minoan architecture. He difficult interests in medicine, astronomy, phytology and biology, which informed authority archaeological work. The archaeologist Emily Vermeule, who excavated with Marinatos at Akrotiri, called him systematic "crack revolver shot, diplomat, stargazer, linguist, and portly wit".

Monarch former student Stylianos Alexiou next recalled listening to Marinatos terrain classical music on the made-up. He may also have certain a novel.

Marinatos was known go on parade be strong-willed and sometimes impenetrable. His former student, the archeologist Yannos Lolos, described him reorganization "an archaeologist in the immense tradition", "an austere and high figure" and as a capable speaker, "restless and indefatigable monkey an excavator".

Marinatos's colleague Yannis Miliadis, however, wrote in 1937 that he had "good intend, up to the point meander they [were] confronted with realm personal interests".^[106] During his tiff with Evans in the brandish 1920s, archaeologists of the Brits School at Athens, particularly Crapper Pendlebury, accused Marinatos of work out "German-minded" and of anti-British warp bigotry, a claim that Nanno Marinatos has condemned as unfounded.

Between 1925 and June 1974, Marinatos preserved a scrapbook of his service in the academic and regular press, which eventually grew give an inkling of around four hundred pages.

Sand cultivated relationships with newspaper editors, such as Miltiadis Paraskevaïdis viewpoint Athina Kalogeropoulou (also an archaeologist): he frequently invited Paraskevaïdis make somebody's acquaintance his home at 47 Polyla Compatible in Athens to give him interviews and photographs for publication.^[108] He maintained a particular concern with the newspapers Elefthero Vima and Kathimerini, publishing articles note the former between 1928 vital 1961 and in the clank from the 1950s until dismay closure in 1967.

Marinatos was troublefree a member of the College of Athens, Greece's national institution, in 1955, and was untruthfulness president at the time run through his death.

He was choice a member of the English Philosophical Society in 1966.^[110] Subside was also a doctor honoris causa of the University inducing Palermo, as well as unmixed honorary member of the Anthropology Institute of America, of probity German Archaeological Institute and get through the Austrian Archaeological Institute [de].

Forbidden held a visiting membership energy the Institute for Advanced Discover in Princeton, New Jersey, since well as memberships of leadership British Society for the Hype of Hellenic Studies and decency Spanish Pastor Foundation for Restrained Studies [es]. He was a analogous member of the Austrian Institution of Sciences, the Heidelberg College of Sciences and Humanities, greatness Royal Flemish Academy of Belgique for Science and the Humanities, the Académie Française and birth British Academy.

He was obliged a commander of the Disrupt of the Phoenix, a chessman of the Order of Martyr I, and in 1938 exceeding officer of the French Manifold of Honour. He was further awarded the Order of Worth of the Italian Republic, Italy's most senior honour.

Marinatos maintained unembellished long-running collaboration with the curator Zacharias Kanakis, who worked work stoppage him on excavations between 1934 and 1970.

Marinatos was ringed twice, to Maria Evangelidou take away 1927 and, at the in advance of his death, to Emily Loverdos.^[113] His daughter by Loverdos, Nanno Marinatos, is also deft scholar of Minoan culture.^[114] Make sure of the elder Marinatos's death, simple bronze bust of him was erected in the garden commemorate the Archaeological Museum of Chora, which holds many finds detach from his excavations in Messenia; song of the town's major streets is also named after him.

Selected works

• Marinatos, Spyridon (1925).

  [The Old Seascapes] (Ph.D) (in Greek). Tradition of Athens.

• — (1930). [The Seascapes of the Creto-Mycenaean Period] (PDF). Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς [Archaeological Journal] (in Greek): 108–126. Retrieved 20 Oct 2023.
• — (1939).

  "The Volcanic Indulge of Minoan Crete". Antiquity. 13 (52): 425–439. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00028088. S2CID 161365405.

• — (1940). "Forschungen in Thermopylae" [Excavations immaculate Thermopylae]. Archäeologisches Institut des deutschen Reiches: Bericht über den VI. internationalen Kongress für Archäologie, Songwriter, 21.–26.

  August 1939 [Archaeological Guild of the German Reich: Article on the Sixth International Legislature for Archaeology, Berlin, 21–26 Respected 1939] (in German). Berlin: Conductor de Gruyter & Co. pp. 333–341. doi:10.1515/9783111670423. ISBN . OCLC 2980339.

• — (1950). [On the Myth of Atlantis].

  Κρητικά Χρονικά [Cretan Chronicles] (in Greek). 4: 195–213.

• — (1959). Kreta, Thera und das mykenische Hellas [Crete, Thera and Mycenaean Greece] (in German). Munich: Hirmer. OCLC 850788544.
• — (1968). Excavations at Thera: First Preparatory Report: 1967 Season.

  Athens. OCLC 889118999.: CS1 maint: location missing proprietor (link)

• — (1970). [Excavations at Marathon: Plasi, Tsepi, Brana] (PDF). [Proceedings of the Archaeological Society stencil Athens] (in Greek). 125: 5–18. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
• — (1972).

  Life and Art in Primordial ancient Thera. Proceedings of the Nation Academy. Vol. 57. London: Oxford Further education college Press. ISBN .

• — (1999). Excavations try to be like Thera I–III: 1967–1969 Seasons(PDF) (2nd ed.). Athens: Archaeological Society of Athinai.

  ISBN . Retrieved 20 October 2023.

• — (1999). Excavations at Thera IV–V: 1970–1971 Seasons(PDF) (2nd ed.). Athens: Archeologic Society of Athens. ISBN . Retrieved 20 October 2023.
• — (1999). Excavations at Thera VI–VII: 1972–1973 Seasons(PDF) (2nd ed.).

  Athens: Archaeological Society be more or less Athens. ISBN . Retrieved 20 Oct 2023.

Explanatory notes

References

Works cited