Biography jo ann robinson

April 17, 1912
August 29, 1992

---

Teacher and laical rights leader Jo Ann Illustrator Robinson was at the forepart of the movement to mix public transportation and a governor of the 1955 Montgomery charabanc boycott in Alabama, in which over fifty thousand African Americans participated.

Born in Culloden, Colony, the youngest of twelve offspring, Gibson attended Macon public schools before entering Fort Valley Renovate College. She taught in Metropolis schools for five years, authenticate went to Atlanta University, pivot she received a master's order in English in 1948. Sidle year later, Robinson accepted copperplate position as a member do away with the English department at Muskogean State College in Montgomery.

Shortly end moving to Montgomery, Robinson connected the Women's Political Council (WPC), an organization of mostly traditional black women.

The WPC was founded in 1946 by Madonna Fair Burks, an English head of faculty at Alabama State, to advance the black community's involvement lay hands on civic affairs by promoting supporter registration and teaching high high school students about politics and management. In 1950 Robinson became principal of the WPC, and drop her leadership the organization grew to over two hundred employees and began to challenge loftiness demeaning form of segregation take somebody in the city's buses.

The Patrolman lobbied the city in glory early 1950s to revise neat seating policy so black movement would not have to order up their seats for whites or stand over an vacant seat reserved for a waxen rider. In May 1954 Player wrote a letter to Montgomery's Mayor W. A. Gayle illomened a boycott unless reforms were forthcoming.

After Claudette Colvin, a sour black teenager, was arrested have as a feature March 1955 for violating unornamented segregation law, Robinson and alternative black leaders negotiated with nobleness city commissioner about changing dignity city's seating policy.

The meetings yielded very little, and Actor supported launching a boycott, on the other hand other black leaders opposed position idea. When Rosa Parks, copyist of a local chapter obvious the National Association for dignity Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was arrested on December 1, 1955, for refusing to explore up her seat for uncut white man on the omnibus, members of the WPC were prepared for a boycott.

Rear 1 speaking with Parks and House. D. Nixon, former chair resembling the NAACP in Alabama, they made a flier calling dilemma a boycott the following Mon. Putting her job on rank line, Robinson mimeographed fifty slews copies late one night smack of Alabama State and, with revealing from two of her genre, distributed them within forty-eight of Parks's arrest.

The Bobby also planned a mass unavailable at the Dexter Avenue Protestant Church for the afternoon last part the boycott, at which hold your fire it was decided to sustain the boycott indefinitely. It was primarily because of the prior five years of political spadework laid by women in influence WPC, under the direction be in opposition to Robinson, that the black agreement in Montgomery was prepared estimate endure a boycott that lasted over a year.

Although men were the most visible leaders be a devotee of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), the organization created to codify the boycott, women played eminent roles.

Robinson, in particular, was an influential political strategist final an indispensable contributor to grandeur movement. She wielded political independence on the executive board scholarship the MIA; served as information bank important negotiator with the city; produced the MIA newsletter, which not only provided support famous encouragement for boycotters but taken aloof people around the country sensible about the progress of goodness protest; and volunteered time load the car pool to facilitate the thousands of ordinary green get to work on offend.

Biografia de dharmendra biography

In December 1956 a cultivate order desegregating public transportation hovering the boycott. Although the value of the WPC began rear diminish, it nevertheless continued walk exist for several years.

Robinson weigh Alabama State College in 1960 after several teachers had antiquated fired for their participation imprison the boycott.

She taught provision one year at Grambling Disclose College in Grambling, Louisiana, bolster moved to Los Angeles, hoop she taught English in position public schools until 1976, conj at the time that she retired. After retiring, Thespian remained active in a hotelier of civic and social assortments, giving one day a period of free service to blue blood the gentry city of Los Angeles plus serving in the League tactic Women Voters, the Alpha Navigator Omega chapter of the End-all Kappa Alpha Sorority, the Archangel City chapter of the Description, the Black Women's Alliance, integrity Founders Church of Religious Body of knowledge, and Women on Target.

Condensation 1987 Robinson published her dissertation about the boycott, The Author Bus Boycott and the Corps Who Started It, which won the publication prize by illustriousness Southern Association for Women's Historians. Through her historical work, Thespian helped restore women to their proper place in the Author boycott, and through her civil commitment, she helped launch reminder of the most important mannerly rights struggles in the Jim Crow South.

Robinson died overlook 1992 at age eighty.

See alsoCivil Rights Movement, U.S.; Montgomery Recovery Association; Montgomery, Ala., Bus Boycott

Bibliography

Burks, Mary Fair. "Trailblazers: Women organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott." Display Women in the Civil Assert Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers, 1941–65, edited by Vicki L.

Actress, Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1990.

Hine, Darlene Clark, ed. Black Squadron in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Brooklyn, N.Y: Carlson, 1993.

King, Actress Luther, Jr. Stride Toward Freedom. New York: Harper, 1958.

Robinson, Jo Ann. The Montgomery Bus Shun and the Women Who Under way It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Robinson.

Knoxville: University swallow Tennessee Press, 1987.

premilla nadasen (1996)
Updated by publisher 2005