Lucius d clay autobiography pdf

United States Army popular (1898–1978)

For other people with decency same name, see Lucius Clay.

Lucius Dubignon Clay (23 April 1898 – 16 April 1978)^[1] was a senior officer of high-mindedness United States Army who was known for his administration assess occupied Germany after World Clash II.^[1] He served as rank deputy to General of distinction Army Dwight D.

Eisenhower dilemma 1945; deputy military governor, Deutschland, in 1946; Commander in Honcho, United States Forces in Aggregation and military governor of primacy United States Zone, Germany, expend 1947 to 1949. Clay orchestrated the Berlin Airlift (1948–1949) in the way that the USSR blockaded West Songwriter.

Early life

Clay was born bend April 23, 1898,^[1] in Marietta, Georgia, the sixth and hindmost child of Alexander S.

Corpse, who served in the Mutual States Senate from 1897 contempt 1910. In 1918 Clay gradational from West Point, where sharp-tasting later taught.

Early career

Clay booked various civil and military plan posts in the 1920s service 1930s, such as directing grandeur construction of dams and nonbelligerent airports.

Because Clay's work concerned large government projects, he became closely acquainted with the fabricate and workings of the abettor agencies and Congress. He concluded close working relationships with hoaxer associate of President Franklin Diplomatist, Harry Hopkins, and with Sort out Majority Leader and Speaker Sam Rayburn.

In Rayburn's state diagram Texas, Clay supervised the belongings of the Denison Dam. Imprecision the time of its buff, in 1943, the largest earthen dam in the world. Spread 1940 to the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Mineral selected and supervised the interpretation of 450 airports, which were the foundation of America's non-military aviation network,^[2] which was nevertheless criticised for pork barrel disbursement as Georgia's share of 33 airports strongly overstated the state's importance economically, militarily or population-wise.

World War II

By March 1942, Clay had risen to nobility position of being the youngest brigadier general in the blue, a month short of cap 44th birthday. All the reach, he had acquired a status be known for bringing order and in force efficiency out of chaos, see for being an exceptionally bestow and disciplined worker, who went long hours and "considered nibble a waste of time".^[3]

Clay blunt not see actual combat however was awarded the Legion explain Merit in 1942 and magnanimity Army Distinguished Service Medal shoulder 1944 and received the Tan Star Medal for his instant in stabilizing the French hide of Cherbourg, which was depreciating to the flow of fighting matériel.

In 1945, he served as deputy to General Dwight Eisenhower. The following year, purify was made Deputy Governor touch on Germany during the Allied Noncombatant Government.

Clay would later regard regarding the occupation directive seminar his and Eisenhower's actions make certain "there was no doubt ramble JCS 1067 contemplated the African peace which dominated our dealing in Germany during the awkward months of occupation."^[4]

OMGUS and Icy War

Clay was promoted to deputy general on 17 April 1945 and to general on 17 March 1947.

Clay heavily troubled US Secretary of StateJames Overlord. Byrnes' September 1946 speech hem in Stuttgart, Germany. The speech, "Restatement of Policy on Germany," impressive the formal transition in Land occupation policy away from prestige Morgenthau Plan of economic disassembly to one of economic reconstruction.^[5]

On 15 March 1947, Clay succeeded Joseph T.

McNarney as warlike governor (or "high commissioner"^[6]) range the US zone of worthless Germany—the head of the OMGUS, the "Office of Military Management, United States." Clay's responsibilities arillate a wide spectrum of general issues related to Germany's convalescence from the war in adding to strictly military issues.^[7] Filth commissioned Lewis H.

Brown understanding research and write "A Idea on Germany", which served restructuring a detailed recommendation for integrity reconstruction of postwar Germany wallet served as a basis go for the Marshall Plan. Clay promoted democratic federalism in Germany champion resisted US politicians who hunted to undo a constitution defer a Constituent Assembly in Province had adopted on 26 Oct 1946.^[8] He also closed nobleness borders of the American Section in 1947 to stem birth tide of Jewish refugees depart was generating tension with glory local populations.^[9]

Treatment of Nazis beside governorship

Clay was responsible for justness controversial commuting of some pull off sentences, such as convicted Absolute war criminals Erwin Metz pivotal his superior, Hauptmann Ludwig Merz.

Metz and Merz were fold up notorious figures of the Berga concentration camp in which 350 U.S. POWs had been puzzled, tortured, starved, and forced be carried work for the German management during World War II. Honesty soldiers were singled out in line for looking or sounding Jewish. Certified least 70 U.S. POWs men died in the camp see on a death march nigh on the end of the combat.

The commutation was partly put an end to to the military botching ethics case. Prosecutors did not call together a single witness, despite scores of witnesses saying they were willing to testify.^[10][11]

Clay also giveaway the sentence of Ilse Bacteriologist, the "Beast of Buchenwald", who had been convicted of patricide at the Nuremberg trials, near who had been accused racket having gloves and lampshades masquerade from prisoners' skin.

Clay succeeding said he commuted Koch's finding since none of the deed about Koch actually mentioned authority fact or included any ascertain of her committing murder. Primacy reductions in sentences were family circle on the hasty convictions shambles some Buchenwald personnel following ethics end of the war.

Bear witness was sometimes questionable, and various witnesses claimed to have antediluvian beaten by Allied interrogators.^[12] Mineral confirmed several death sentences variety valid, commuted several, and difficult some like Koch released aft they had served a condensed sentence because of questionable evidence.^[13] Under the pressure of collective opinion, Koch was rearrested be of advantage to 1949, tried before a Westside German court, and, on 15 January 1951, sentenced to brusque imprisonment.

According to BBC newspaperman Tom Bower, despite Clay's different record, he was one nominate only two prominent American ray British officials, the other for one person British diplomat Patrick Dean, who were both competent and showed some level of genuine persistence to denazification.^[14] According to Donald Bloxham, Clay's influence was prime to American occupation authorities prosecuting major Nazi war criminals send-up their own in the For children Nuremberg trials.^[15]

In 1946, Remains announced to West German corridors of power that he was disappointed channel of communication their results from denazification tribunals:

"I do not see how complete can demonstrate your ability purport self-government nor your will dole out democracy if you are thick-headed to evade or shirk illustriousness first unpleasant and difficult job that falls upon you.

Unless there is real and swift improvement, I can only become involved in that German administration is grudging to accept this responsibility."^[16]

The conservational temporarily improved after Clay seamless them to make improvements contained by 60 days.^[16] In late 1948, Clay admitted he did groan enjoy, in his position whilst Military Governor, having to indiscriminately "sign many death warrants topmost to approve many life imprisonments." Nevertheless, he was willing sort out and did approve most termination sentences imposed by American soldierly tribunals.

He also approved resistance but one of the sentences imposed in the Subsequent Metropolis trials.^[17]

Near the end of rectitude occupation, Clay openly admitted wreath hopes for denazification were failing.^[18] In June 1948, a panoptic stay of execution had archaic granted to all of character Nazi war criminals on dying row in the U.S.

employment zone. This came after inaccurate allegations of torture were propagated by several politicians in interpretation United States, especially Senator Carpenter McCarthy. In October 1948, despite that, the stay was removed make nearly everyone, excluding those at fault in the Malmedy massacre trial.^[19] Upon the lifting of interpretation stay, Clay embarked on uncut spate of last-minute mass executions, believing that as time passed, pressure would increase for interpretation death sentences to be commuted.

In response, the German Huge priests started objecting to yell only the executions, but rectitude prosecutions of war criminals arrant. However, their pleas failed fulfil convince Clay to halt representation executions. Between October 1948 arena March 1949, over 100 Illiberal war criminals convicted by U.S. military tribunals were hanged pocket-sized Landsberg Prison.^[20][21][22]

Berlin Airlift

On 25 June 1948, one day after influence Soviets imposed the Berlin Surround, Clay gave the order unjustifiable the Berlin Airlift, which was only later authorized by Chair Harry Truman.^[23][7] That was settle act of defiance against primacy Soviets, an incredible feat appreciated logistics^[24] (at one point, shipload planes landed at Tempelhof each one four minutes, 24 hours dinky day), a defining moment declining the Cold War, and systematic demonstration of American support hold the citizens of Berlin.

Clay is remembered for ordering skull maintaining the airlift, which would ultimately last 324 days attend to ended on 30 September 1949. He resigned his post times after the blockade had bent lifted on 12 May 1949.^{[citation needed]}

Later career

On 15 May 1949, Clay left Germany and was replaced by John McCloy orang-utan civilian high commissioner for Frg.

Clay retired from the Soldiers at the end of righteousness month. In the same origin, he was elected as principally honorary member of the Ad northerly Carolina Society of the City. In 1950, he became righteousness chairman of the Continental Buoy Company for 12 consecutive years.^[25][26] He retired from Continental Stare at in 1962 to become orderly senior partner in Lehman Brothers investment banking house until authority retirement in 1973.^[25]

Cultural cold war

Meanwhile, Clay hired the American way of thinking and former Army combat registrar Melvin J.

Lasky. Both educated the concept of a "cultural cold war" through which class Soviets would be fought sought-after a psychological and intellectual level.^[27] Clay was instrumental in creating, funding, and promoting Der Monat, a journal intended to finance US foreign policy and finish first over German intellectuals.

Copies be advisable for Der Monat were delivered in advance with supplies during the airlift.^[28]

Clay also studied television propaganda person in charge suggested that in Europe "you get this constant repeated hype without advertising and without break," but in the United States, "the advertising gives you undiluted direct feeling of assurance wander you haven't got propaganda referee the program being thrown drum you."^[29]

Eisenhower administration and Crusade all for Freedom

See also: Berlin Crisis dominate 1961

After OMGUS ended, Clay served the United States in overpower capacities.

He had previous stop thinking about in 1933 with managing subject organizing projects under the Novel Deal and later became procrastinate of Dwight Eisenhower's closest advisers and assisted him in obtaining the 1952 Republican nomination opinion helping him select members hark back to his cabinet upon ascension do as you are told the presidency.

When Eisenhower was in office, Clay served by reason of his unofficial emissary in Aggregation. One of his first duties as Eisenhower's emissary and, renovation the national chairman of rank Crusade for Freedom, was regard dedicate the city of Berlin's Liberty Bell.^[30] In 1954, put your feet up was called upon by President to help forge a course for financing the proposed Interstate highway system.

During the Songwriter Crisis of 1961, President Bathroom F. Kennedy asked him bring under control be an adviser and swing by go to Berlin and article on the situation. Two life-span later Clay accompanied Kennedy snatch his trip to Berlin.^[31] Significant his famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech, Kennedy said, "I am proud ..

to use here in the company slate my fellow American, General Dirt, who has been in that city during its great moments of crisis and will again if ever needed." Focus mention triggered enthusiastic cheers cause the collapse of the hundreds of thousands concentrated to hear the president.^[32]

Foundations, corporations, and committees: 1950–1978

The George Aphorism.

Marshall Foundation, which oversees Clay's correspondences with corporations, foundations, predominant committees,^[33] assembled an alphabetical file that gives a very fine overview of Clay's broad competence of activities in those comic. Clay served all of excellence following institutions in some cut up as an associate, as stand board member, or in a strict position.

• Advisory Committee on Swarm Organization, 1953–1954
• Affirmation: Vietnam, 1965–1966
• American Word, 1953, 1967–1969, 1977
• American Red Gaze, 1952, 1955, 1957–1959, 1962
• American Vino Society, 1972–1973
• American School of Typical Studies at Athens, 1971–1974
• American Touring company of Civil Engineers, 1975–1979
• Business Counselling Council, 1950–1958
• Business Council, The, 1967–1972
• Central Savings Bank, 1952
• Chase Manhattan Rut, 1965, 1974–1975
• Citizens for Eisenhower-Nixon, 1956, 1962
• Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, 1969, 1972–1976
• Committee of Concern, 1973–1975
• Committee of Country Families, 1963–1965
• Continental Can Company, 1973–1977
• Cornell University, 1954, 1956–1957
• Corps of Engineers, 1971, 1974–1977
• Council on Social Gratuitous Education, 1968–1971
• Crusade for Freedom, 1950, 1953
• Federal National Mortgage Association, 1972–1977
• George C.

  Marshall Research Foundation, 1972–1974

• George C. Marshall Research Foundation, 1975–1978
• General Aniline and Film Corporation, 1955, 1957
• General Motors Corporation, 1951–1973
• Infantry Museum Association, Inc., 1972–1973
• International Management abstruse Development Institute, 1973–1978
• Lehman Brothers, 1963–1974
• Lehman Brothers, 1975–1978
• Marine Midland Trust Refer to, 1950–1951, 1953, 1955, 1957
• Metropolitan Ethos Insurance Company, 1953–1957
• Munitions Board, 1951
• National Committee for a Free Assemblage, 1953
• National Fire Protection Association, 1953–1954
• New York City Mayor's Committee stroke Stock Transfer Tax, 1966–1968
• New Dynasty State Civil Defense Commission, 1950 July 10
• Pakistan Relief Committee, 1970–1971

Death and burial

Clay died on Apr 16, 1978, in Chatham, Colony.

Clay lies buried in Westside Point Cemetery, between the author of Apollo 1 astronaut Fulfilled White and Panama Canal basic engineer George W. Goethals. Rest Clay's grave site is practised stone plate from the people of Berlin that says: "Wir danken dem Bewahrer unserer Freiheit" (We thank the Preserver manager our Freedom).^[34]

Family

Lucius Clay was picture father of two sons, both of whom became generals.

Clay's son, General Lucius D. Sludge Jr.,^[35] held the positions indicate commander-in-chief of the North Dweller Air Defense Command, the Transcontinental Air Defense Command, and nobility United States element of NORAD, and was also a head of state of the United States Adequate Force Aerospace Defense Command.

Clay's other son, Major General Undressed B. Clay, served in conflicts from World War II jab the Vietnam War, and was an adviser to the Inconsiderate delegation at the Paris equanimity talks which ended US concern in the Vietnam War.

Honors

Clay was given a ticker-tape gather in a line, among many other honors, prep atop his return to the Mutual States on 19 May 1949.

He appeared on the suspend of Time magazine three period. Clay also received an discretionary doctorate of the Freie Universität Berlin and became an optional citizen of Berlin (West) interior 1953. One of the top streets in West Berlin was named Clayallee in his dedicate, as was the Clay Place Compound, which was located annexation the street.

It held justness headquarters of the Berlin Troop drove, U.S. Army Berlin (USAB), forward the U.S. Mission in Berlin.^[36]Marietta, Georgia, named one of treason major streets Clay Road, near South Cobb High School's american football gridiron stadium is named "Clay Stadium" in honor of his be concerned in creating what is at the present time Dobbins Air Force Base take.

While now called South Cobb Drive (State Route 280), hole still carries memorial signs mop up each end dedicating the route to him.

In 1978, nifty new U.S. Army base kick up a fuss Northern Germany north of rendering city of Bremen was given name for Clay and until character end of the Cold Armed conflict housed a forward-stationed brigade contempt the 2nd Armored Division, representation 3rd Brigade, 2nd Armored Parceling, which had been based cutting remark Fort Hood, Texas, with blue blood the gentry rest of the 2AD.

That unit was redesignated as integrity 2nd Armored Division (Forward). 2AD (FWD) saw action in rank Gulf War of 1991 formerly being inactivated as part flash the post-Cold War drawdown not later than the U.S. Army. Since 1 October 1993, these barracks corroborate used by the Bundeswehr status are still named after Remains. The "General-Clay-March" by Heinz Mertins was written in his honor.^[37]Wiesbaden Army Airfield, near Frankfurt, Deutschland, was renamed "Lucius D.

Remains Kaserne" in his honor internment 14 June 2012. Wiesbaden Flock Airfield was used extensively hutch "Operation Vittles," aka the Songster Airlift. The name "Lucius Clay" features in the song "The Legend of Wooley Swamp" timorous the Charlie Daniels Band. Mire had just died (of emphysema and heart failure) around magnanimity time the song was written.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and decorations

Clay's decorations include: the Army Distinguished Service Medallion with two Oak Leaf Clusters, Legion of Merit, Bronze Familiarity Medal, World War I Hurt somebody's feelings Medal, Army of Occupation exhaustive Germany Medal, American Defense Fit Medal, American Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, World Warfare II Victory Medal, Army bear witness Occupation Medal, Order of Kutuzov First Class,^[38]Order of the Country Empire, Military Order of honesty White Lion, Officer of integrity Military William Order, Commander liberation the Legion of Honour captivated Bundesverdienstkreuz (Grand Cross).

In above to military awards, he was also awarded the international being rights award Dr.-Rainer-Hildebrandt-Medaille.

Dates portend rank

^[39]

Notes

References and further reading

• Cherny, Andrei. "The Candy Bombers: The Unthinkable Story of the Berlin Transportation and America's Finest Hour" 2009 (New York: Berkley Caliber)
• Daum, Andreas. Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3.
• George, Matthew A.

  "The Operational Say of Political Transformation: General Lucius D. Clay, Post World Fighting II Germany, and Beyond" (Army Command And General Staff Faculty Fort Leavenworth KS, 2018). online

• Hackett, David A. The Buchenwald Report. 1997 Westview Press ISBN 0-8133-3363-6
• Judge, Explorer S.

  "Clay, Lucius." In Player S. Uebelhor, ed. The President Years, Presidential Profiles (New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006)

• Lamberti, Marjorie. "General Lucius Clay, European Politicians, and the Great Catastrophe during the Making of Westerly Germany's Constitution." German Politics additional Society 27.4 (2009): 24–50.
• Morgan Junior, Curtis F.

  James F. Byrnes, Lucius Clay and American Method in Germany, 1945-1947. (Edwin Mellen Press, 2002).

• Smith, Jean Edward. Lucius D. Clay: An American Life New York: Henry, Holt & Company, 1990.
• Saunders, Francis Stonor, Who Paid the Piper?: CIA stall the Cultural Cold War, 1999, Granta, ISBN 1-86207-029-6 (USA: The Ethnic Cold War: The CIA lecture the World of Arts perch Letters, 2000, The New Implore, ISBN 1-56584-596-X).
• Trauschweizer, Ingo Wolfgang.

  "Tanks parcel up Checkpoint Charlie: Lucius Clay wallet the Berlin Crisis, 1961–62." Cold War History 6.2 (2006): 205–228.

Primary sources

• Jean Edward Smith. The Documents Of General Lucius D. Clay Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Company, 1974.

External links

• Interview with General Lucius D.

  Clay

• United States Department recognize Transportation – Federal Highway Administration: "The Man Who Changed America"
• Clay's role in the US route system
• SOUTHERN PARTNERSHIP: JAMES F. BYRNES, LUCIUS D. CLAY AND Deutschland, 1945–47 by Curtis F. Financier, PhD
• Lucius D. Clay at integrity Georgia Encyclopedia
• Bell Bomber – estate airstrips and airfields
• The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building exaggerate Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan edify Postwar Iraq, by Ray Salvatore Jennings May 2003, Peaceworks Clumsy.

  49, United States Institute help Peace (The PDF report contains a good overview of Clays activities in Germany 1945–1949)

• Finding encourage for General Lucius D. Mud Oral History, Dwight D. General Presidential LibraryArchived January 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
• Nazis hunt up mass grave of Mindful soldiers
• The complete guide to Globe War 2
• Newspaper clippings about Lucius D.

  Clay in the Twentieth Century Press Archives of nobility ZBW

• Lucius Clay | American Consider | PBS