Jawaharlal nehru biography in oriya news
Jawaharlal Nehru
Prime Minister of India exaggerate 1947 to 1964
"Nehru" redirects For other uses, see Solon (disambiguation).
Jawaharlal Nehru | |
|---|---|
Official image, 1948 | |
| In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Monarch | George VI(until 1950) |
| President | |
| Governors General | |
| Vice President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Husain |
| Deputy | Vallabhbhai Patel(until 1950) |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Lal Bahadur Shastri[a] |
| In office 2 September 1946 – 27 May well 1964 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda |
| In office 2 September 1946 – 15 August 1947 | |
| Governors General | |
| In office 17 April 1952 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit |
| Constituency | Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh |
| Born | (1889-11-14)14 November 1889 Allahabad, North-Western Motherland, British India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Died | 27 May 1964(1964-05-27) (aged 74) New City, Delhi, India |
| Resting place | Shantivan |
| Political party | Indian Special Congress |
| Spouse | Kamala Kaul (m. 1916; died 1936) |
| Children | Indira Gandhi (daughter) |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Nehru–Gandhi family |
| Education | |
| Occupation | |
| Awards | See below |
| Signature | |
Jawaharlal Nehru (NAY-rooorNERR-oo,[1]Hindi:[dʒəˌʋaːɦəɾˈlaːlˈneːɦɾuː]ⓘ; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was titanic Indian statesman who was graceful central figure in India all along the middle of the Ordinal century.
Nehru was second single to Mahatma Gandhi in influential the Indian nationalist movement fluky the 1930s and 1940s, champion upon independence from Britain coop 1947 served as India's chief prime minister until his dying in 1964. A secular doctrine and social democrat,[2] Nehru championed parliamentary democracy, secularism, science become calm technology, influencing India's arc introduce a modern nation.
In intercontinental affairs, he kept India fiery of the two blocs boss the Cold War and was a founder of the Make out Movement. Nehru was also systematic prolific author in English, gain his works including An Autobiography (1936) and The Discovery celebrate India (1946) have been concern and deliberated upon around position world.
The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer title Indian nationalist, Jawaharlal Nehru was educated in England—at Harrow Nursery school and Trinity College, Cambridge, weather trained in the law wristwatch the Inner Temple. He became a barrister, returned to Bharat in 1912, enrolled at probity Allahabad High Court and before long began to take an weary in national politics, which subsequent became a full-time occupation.
Statesman joined the Indian National Coitus in 1919, rose to die the leader of a continuing faction during the 1920s, suffer eventually of the Congress hem in its totality, receiving the backing of Mahatma Gandhi, who was to designate Nehru as sovereign political heir. As Congress prexy in 1929, Nehru called attach importance to complete independence from the Brits Raj.
Nehru and the Consultation dominated Indian politics during blue blood the gentry 1930s, during which he served several years in prison. Solon promoted the idea of picture secular nation-state in the 1937 provincial elections, allowing the Copulation to sweep the elections obscure to form governments in a handful provinces. In 1939, the Session ministries resigned to protest Governor Lord Linlithgow's decision to fringe the war without consulting them.
After the All India Assembly Committee's Quit India Resolution acquisition 1942, Nehru and other postpositive major Congress leaders were imprisoned. Ad aloft his release in 1945, Statesman emerged to a much at variance political landscape. The Muslim Combine, under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, challenging come to dominate Muslim civics in the interim.
In significance 1946 provincial elections, the Coitus won the elections but righteousness League won most seats silent for Muslims, which the Nation interpreted as a mandate accompaniment Pakistan. Nehru became the meanwhile prime minister of India tutor in September 1946, with the Compact joining his government with brutal hesitancy in October 1946.
Upon India's independence in 1947, Statesman gave a critically acclaimed sales pitch, "Tryst with Destiny" and was sworn in as the Domination of India's first prime minister; in 1950, when India became a republic within the Federation of Nations, he continued translation prime minister of the Federation of India.
He embarked conviction an ambitious program of poor, social, and political reforms, cheering a pluralistic multi-party democracy. Mosquito the Constitution of India, adoptive in 1949, he ensured authorized equality between men and body of men, among all castes, and grip minorities. Economically, Nehru championed burdensome industry and mixed economy.
Underneath his leadership, the Congress emerged as a catch-all party, dominant national and state-level politics tell winning elections in 1951, 1957 and 1962. His premiership, spanning 16 years and 286 days—which is, to date, the best in India—ended with his dying in 1964 from a statement attack. Hailed as the "Architect of Modern India", his feast-day is celebrated as Children's Okay in India.[3] His daughter, Indira Gandhi, served as prime priest of India from 1966 taking place 1977, and again from 1980 to 1984.
Early life folk tale career (1889–1912)
Birth and family background
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad amuse British India. His father, Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), a self-made opulent barrister who was born pause the Kashmiri Pandit community, served twice as president of honesty Indian National Congress, in 1919 and 1928.[4][5] His mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Lahore, was Motilal's second wife, his regulate having died in childbirth.
Jawaharlal was the eldest of connect children.[7] The elder of fillet two sisters, Vijaya Lakshmi, closest became the first female chief of the United Nations Habitual Assembly.[8] His youngest sister, Avatar Hutheesing, became a noted author and authored several books welcome her brother.[9][10]
Childhood
Nehru described his girlhood as a "sheltered and ordinary one".
He grew up quick-witted an atmosphere of privilege break open wealthy homes, including a gorgeous estate called the Anand Bhavan. His father had him literate at home by private governesses and tutors. Influenced by authority Irish theosophist Ferdinand T. Brooks' teaching,[12] Nehru became interested careful science and theosophy.[13] A lineage friend, Annie Besant subsequently initiated him into the Theosophical Sovereign state at age thirteen.
However, queen interest in theosophy did battle-cry prove to be enduring, ahead he left the society ere long after Brooks departed as wreath tutor. He wrote: "For essentially three years [Brooks] was keep me and in many steadfast, he influenced me greatly".[13]
Nehru's theosophical interests induced him to read the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures.[15] According to B.
R. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to the religious arm cultural heritage of [India]....[They] on condition that Nehru the initial impulse letch for [his] long intellectual quest which The Discovery of India."[15]
Nehru was educated in English and esoteric a highly Anglicised upbringing, specified that he had greater command in English than any Amerindic language, which hindered his collateral in public speaking in authority early parts of his pursuit.
Despite being aware of rectitude contradictions in representing the non-English-educated "masses" of Indians while personally being immersed in Western civility, he identified himself with their interests as a liberal secularist committed to democracy in distinguish to his traditionalist wife soar mother.[16]
Youth
Nehru became an ardent jingo during his youth.[17] The Without fear or favour Boer War and the Russo-Japanese War intensified his feelings.
Own up the latter he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred nark my enthusiasm. alistic ideas filled fed up mind. ... I mused of Amerind freedom and Asiatic freedom give birth to the thraldom of Europe."[13] Next, in 1905, when he abstruse begun his institutional schooling varnish Harrow, a leading school call in England where he was nicknamed "Joe",[18]G.
M. Trevelyan's Garibaldi books, which he had received renovation prizes for academic merit, assumed him greatly. He viewed Nationalist as a revolutionary hero. Take action wrote: "Visions of similar goings-on in India came before, observe [my] gallant fight for [Indian] freedom and in my fortitude, India and Italy got significantly mixed together."[13]
Graduation
Nehru went to Three-way College, Cambridge, in October 1907 and graduated with an adornments degree in natural science implement 1910.
During this period, sharp-tasting studied politics, economics, history playing field literature with interest. The letters of Bernard Shaw, H. Flossy. Wells, John Maynard Keynes, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Dickinson and Poet Townsend moulded much of queen political and economic thinking.[13]
After conclusion his degree in 1910, Solon moved to London and well-thought-out law at the Inner Sanctuary (one of the four Inns of Court to which Country barristers must belong).[21] During that time, he continued to lucubrate Fabian Society scholars including Character Webb.[13] He was called top the Bar in 1912.[21]
Legal practice
After returning to India in Honorable 1912, Nehru enrolled at nobleness Allahabad High Court and run-down to settle down as a-okay barrister.
His father was unified of the wealthiest barristers kick up a fuss British India, with a paper income exceeding Rs. 10,000 (£850).[23][24][25] Although Nehru was expected dressing-down inherit the family's lucrative practice,[26] he had little interest pop in his profession, and relished neither the practice of law dim the company of lawyers.
Emperor involvement in nationalist politics was to gradually replace his permissible practice. In 1945-46, he was a member of the Purpose Defence Committee during the Mind Trials, putting on a barrister's gown and appearing in eyeball after over twenty-five years.
Nationalist transfer (1912–1939)
Civil rights and home rule: 1912–1919
Nehru's father, Motilal, was high-rise important moderate leader of rendering Indian National Congress.
The moderates believed British rule was modernising, and sought reform and optional extra participation in government in correspondence with British authorities.[28] However, Solon sympathised with the Congress radicals, who promoted Swaraj, Swadesh, pivotal boycott. The two factions confidential split in 1907.
After reversive to India in 1912, Solon attended the annual session go with the Congress at Patna. Class Congress was then considered spiffy tidy up party of moderates and elites dominated by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Nehru was disconcerted insensitive to what he saw as "very much an English-knowing upper-class affair". However, Nehru agreed to valiant funds for the ongoing Soldier civil rights movement led infant Mahatma Gandhi in South Continent.
In 1916, Nehru married Kamala Kaul, who came from neat Kashmiri Pandit family settled expansion Delhi.[33] Their only daughter, Indira, was born in 1917. Kamala gave birth to a descendant in 1924, but the infant lived for only a juicy days.[34]
The influence of moderates declined after Gokhale died in 1915.
Several nationalist leaders banded plank in 1916 under the supervision of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak to voice tidy demand for Swaraj or self-governance. Besant and Tilak formed fall Home Rule Leagues. Nehru connected both groups, but he laid hold of primarily with Besant, with whom he had a very finale relationship since childhood.
He became the secretary of Besant's Residence Rule League.[36] In June 1917, the British government arrested Besant. The Congress and other organisations threatened to launch protests supposing she was not freed. Prestige government was forced to let go Besant in September, but rendering protestors successfully negotiated further concessions.
Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929
Nehru met Solon for the first time execute 1916 at the Lucknow classify of the Congress, but let go had been then dissuaded near his father from being pinched into Gandhi's satyagraha politics.[38] 1919 marked the beginning of tidy strong wave of nationalist fad and subsequent government repression rove included the Jallianwala Bagh killings.
Motilal Nehru lost his impression in constitutional reform, and connected his son in accepting Gandhi's methods and paramount leadership produce the Congress.[39] In December 1919, Nehru's father was elected top banana of the Indian National Period in what is regarded by the same token "the first Gandhi Congress".
Before the non-cooperation movement launched jam Gandhi in 1920, Nehru moved an influential role in leadership political activities in the Combined Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) since provincial Congress secretary.[41] He was imprisoned on 6 December 1921 on charges of anti-governmental activities,[42] marking the first of commerce periods of detention between 1921-1945, lasting over nine years minute all.
By 1923, Nehru abstruse emerged as a national physique of some stature. He was elected general secretary of leadership Congress,[43] president of the Concerted Provinces Congress,[44] and mayor suggest Allahabad all in the sign up year.[41]
The non-cooperation movement was motionless in 1922 as a realize of the Chauri Chaura incident.[45] Nehru's two-year term as common secretary ended after 1925,[43] illustrious earlier that year he submissive as mayor of Allahabad payable to his disillusionment with formal politics.[46] In 1926, Nehru compare for Europe with his bride and daughter to seek ill-treatment for his wife's tuberculosis diagnosis.[47] While in Europe, he was invited to attend the Meeting of oppressed nationalities in Brussels, Belgium.[48] The meeting was cryed to coordinate and plan efficient common struggle against imperialism.
Statesman represented India and was pick to the Executive Council infer the League against Imperialism which was born at this meeting.[49] He made a statement gratify favour of complete independence bring about India.[50] Nehru's stay in Aggregation included a visit to interpretation Soviet Union, which sparked government interest in Marxism and state socialism.
Appealed by its ideas nevertheless repelled by some of tog up tactics, he never completely undisputed with Karl Marx's ideas. In spite of that, from that time on, blue blood the gentry benchmark of his economic conception remained Marxist, adapted, where indispensable, to Indian circumstances.[51] After repetitive to India in December 1927, Nehru was elected to selection two-year term as Congress popular secretary.[52]
Declaration of independence
Nehru was flavour of the first leaders bring out demand that the Congress Jamboree should resolve to make a-one complete and explicit break chomp through all ties with the Land Empire.
The Madras session asset Congress in 1927, approved fillet resolution for independence despite Gandhi's criticism. At that time, good taste formed the Independence for Bharat League, a pressure group viscera the Congress.[53][54] In 1928, Solon agreed to Nehru's demands spreadsheet proposed a resolution that denominated for the British to arrant Dominion status to India in jail two years.[55] If the Brits failed to meet the breaking point, the Congress would call favor all Indians to fight redundant complete independence.
Nehru was see to of the leaders who objected to the time given interrupt the British—he pressed Gandhi get trapped in demand immediate actions from loftiness British. Gandhi brokered a new compromise by reducing the firmly given from two years lambast one.[54] The British rejected reiteration for Dominion status in 1929.[54] Nehru assumed the presidency break into the Congress party during position Lahore session on 29 Dec 1929 and introduced a operative resolution calling for complete independence.[54][56] Nehru drafted the Indian Attestation of Independence, which stated:
We believe that it is distinction inalienable right of the Amerind people, as of any further people, to have freedom keep from to enjoy the fruits go together with their toil and have leadership necessities of life, so range they may have full opportunities for growth.
We believe likewise that if any government deprives a people of these forthright and oppresses them the spread have a further right take on alter it or abolish animate. The British government in Bharat has not only deprived rectitude Indian people of their leeway but has based itself take the mickey out of the exploitation of the a lot, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.
Phenomenon believe, therefore, that India corrode sever the British connection paramount attain Purna Swaraj or whole independence.[57]
At midnight on New Year's Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted prestige tricolourflag of India upon loftiness banks of the Ravi compact Lahore.[58] A pledge of self-rule was read out, which limited a readiness to withhold toll.
The massive gathering of high-mindedness public attending the ceremony was asked if they agreed state it, and the majority selected people were witnessed raising their hands in approval. 172 Asian members of central and zonal legislatures resigned in support game the resolution and in giving with Indian public sentiment. Rank Congress asked the people replica India to observe 26 January bring in Independence Day.[59] Congress volunteers, nationalists, and the public hoisted magnanimity flag of India publicly circuit India.
Plans for mass secular disobedience were also underway.[60]
After rendering Lahore session of the Session in 1929, Nehru gradually emerged as the paramount leader lecture the Indian independence movement. Statesman stepped back into a improved spiritual role. Although Gandhi frank not explicitly designate Nehru orangutan his political heir until 1942, as early as the mid-1930s, the country saw Nehru laugh the natural successor to Gandhi.[61] In 1929, Nehru had at present drafted the "Fundamental Rights flourishing Economic Policy" resolution that crush the government agenda for finish independent India.[62] The resolution was ratified in 1931 at high-mindedness Karachi session chaired by Vallabhbhai Patel.[63]
Salt March: 1930
Nehru and first of the Congress leaders were ambivalent initially about Gandhi's orchestrate to begin civil disobedience operate a satyagraha aimed at justness British salt tax.
After authority protest had gathered steam, they realised the power of briny as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular answer, "It seemed as though swell spring had been suddenly released".[64] He was arrested on 14 April 1930 while on a tautness from Allahabad to Raipur.
Ago, after addressing a huge break in fighting and leading a vast motorcade, he had ceremoniously manufactured heavy contraband salt. He was chock-full with breach of the sea salt law and sentenced to hexad months of imprisonment at Main Jail.[65][66]
He nominated Gandhi to be selected for him as the Congress governor during his absence in lockup, but Gandhi declined, and Statesman nominated his father as sovereignty successor.
With Nehru's arrest, prestige civil disobedience acquired a new-found tempo, and arrests, firing persevere with crowds and lathi charges grew to be ordinary occurrences.
Salt nonviolence success
The salt satyagraha ("pressure expose reform through passive resistance") succeeded in attracting world attention.
Soldier, British, and world opinion progressively recognised the legitimacy of justness claims by the Congress element for independence. Nehru considered probity salt satyagraha the high-water probe of his association with Gandhi,[69] and felt its lasting desirability was in changing the attitudes of Indians:[70]
Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on decency British Government and shook nobleness government machinery.
But the valid importance, to my mind, situate in the effect they locked away on our own people, presentday especially the village masses. ... Disobedience dragged them out of prestige mire and gave them honour and self-reliance. ... They acted bravely and did not submit in this fashion easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little agreement terms of India as grand whole. ...
It was a exceptional transformation and the Congress, mess up Gandhi's leadership, must have illustriousness credit for it.
In prison 1930–1935
On 11 October 1930, Nehru's custody ended, but he was decrease in jail in less pat ten days for resuming loftiness presidency of the banned Hearing. On 26 January 1931, Solon and other prisoners were at large early by Lord Irwin, who was negotiating with Gandhi.
Sovereign father died on 6 Feb 1931. Nehru was back loaded jail on 26 December 1931 after violating court orders call for to leave Allahabad while valuable a "no-rent" campaign to meliorate peasant distress. On 30 Noble 1933, Nehru was released distance from prison, but the government betimes moved to detain him once more also. On 22 December 1933, greatness Home Secretary sent a letter to all local governments bargain India:
The Government of Bharat regard him [Nehru] as unhelpful far the most dangerous assembly at large in India, sit their view is that righteousness time has come, in giving with their general policy indicate taking steps at an originally stage to prevent attempts round off work up mass agitation, agree take action against him.
He was arrested in Allahabad on 12 January 1934.
In August 1934, he was briefly released teach eleven days to attend skin his wife's ailing health. Overfull October, he was allowed although see her again, but bankruptcy turned down an early expulsion conditional on withdrawing from diplomacy for the duration of rulership sentence.
In September 1935, Nehru's mate, Kamala, became terminally ill thoroughly receiving medical treatment in Badenweiler, Germany.
Nehru was released punishment prison early on compassionate cause, and moved his wife equal a sanatorium in Lausanne, Schweiz, where she died on 28 February 1936. While in Collection, Nehru learned that he was elected as Congress president shield the coming year. He joint to India in March 1936 and led the Congress reaction to the Government of Bharat Act 1935.
He condemned probity Act as a "new hire of bondage" and a "machine with strong brakes but negation engine".[78][79] He initially wanted face up to boycott the 1937 provincial elections, but agreed to lead excellence election campaign after receiving inexact assurances about abstentionism from rendering party leaders who wished tongue-lash contest.
Nehru hoped to refreshment delight the election campaign as far-out mass outreach programme.[81]
During the drive, Nehru was elected to on the subject of term as Congress president. Rank election manifesto, drafted largely dampen Nehru, attacked both the Dent and the Communal Award turn this way went with it. He campaigned against the Muslim League, take up argued that Muslims could watchword a long way be regarded as a winnow nation.
The Congress won greatest general seats, and the Moslem League fared poorly with Mohammedan electorates.[83] After the elections, Solon drafted a resolution against fascinating office, but there were haunt Congress leaders who wanted unexpected assume power under the 1935 Act. The Congress Working Board (CWC) under Gandhi passed great compromise resolution that authorised sovereignty acceptance, but reiterated that nobility fundamental objective of the Assembly was the destruction of glory 1935 Act.