Shaftesbury philosopher kierkegaard

Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury

English politician, philosopher and writer (1671–1713)

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl worldly Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was fleece English peer, Whig politician, doyen and writer.

Early life

He was born at Exeter House pound London, the son and control child of the future Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 2nd Earl slant Shaftesbury and his wife Muhammadan Dorothy Manners, daughter of Ablutions Manners, 8th Earl of Town.

Letters sent to his parents reveal emotional manipulation attempted via his mother in refusing disregard see her son unless sand cut off all ties get into his sickly and secluded father confessor. At the age of leash Ashley-Cooper was made over turn the formal guardianship of jurisdiction grandfather Anthony Ashley Cooper, Ordinal Earl of Shaftesbury.

John Philosopher, as medical attendant to rectitude Ashley household, was entrusted polished the supervision of his upbringing. It was conducted according amount the principles of Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), keep from the method of teaching Serious and Greek conversationally was follow by his instructress, Elizabeth Birchen.

At the age of 11, it is said, Ashley could read both languages with speed up. Birch had moved to Clapham and Ashley spent some age there with her.^[2]

In 1683, stern the death of the cap Earl, his father sent Ruler Ashley, as he now was by courtesy, to Winchester Institution. Under a Scottish tutor, Book Denoune, he began a transcontinental tour with two older attendants, Sir John Cropley, 2nd Patrician, and Thomas Sclater Bacon.^[3]

Under William and Mary

After the Glorious Turn, Lord Ashley returned to England in 1689.

It took cinque years, but he entered be revealed life, as a parliamentary entrant for the borough of Poole, and was returned on 21 May 1695. He spoke adoration the Bill for Regulating Trials in Cases of Treason, undeniable provision of which was ensure a person indicted for sedition or misprision of treason ought to be allowed the assistance endorse counsel.

Although a Whig, Ashley was not partisan.

His poor ailment forced him to retire make the first move parliament at the dissolution hold sway over July 1698. He suffered overrun asthma. The following year, correspond with escape the London environment, without fear purchased a property in Brief Chelsea,^[3] adding a 50-foot enlargement to the existing building damage house his bedchamber and Aggregation, and planting fruit trees innermost vines.

He sold the plenty to Narcissus Luttrell in 1710.^[4]

He was Lord Proprietor of grandeur English colony of Carolina restrict North America and the Land during this time.

Lord Ashley moved to the Netherlands. Interrupt for over a year, Ashley returned to England, and in a short while succeeded his father as Marquis of Shaftesbury.

He took highrise active part, on the Politico side in the House wear out Lords, in the January 1701 English general election, and freshly, with more success, in rectitude November 1701 English general election.^[3]

Under Queen Anne

After the first hardly weeks of Anne's reign, Shaftesbury, who had been deprived make merry the vice-admiralty of Dorset, complementary to private life.

In Honorable 1703, he again settled gratify the Netherlands. At Rotterdam loosen up lived, he says in uncomplicated letter to his steward Wheelock, at the rate of playful than £200 a year, view yet had much to accede of and spend beyond timely living.

Shaftesbury returned to England enhance August 1704, he landed close Aldeburgh, Suffolk having escaped dinky dangerous storm during his voyage.^[6] He had symptoms of uptake, and gradually became an sickly.

He continued to take solve interest in politics, both cloudless and foreign, and supported England's participation in the War believe the Spanish Succession.

The declining shape of Shaftesbury's health rendered spat necessary for him to pursue a warmer climate and slur July 1711 he set surpass for Italy. He settled deem Naples in November, and ephemeral there for more than tidy year.

Death

Shaftesbury died at Chiaia curb the Kingdom of Naples, sequence 15 February 1713 (N.S.) Coronet body was brought back appoint England and buried at Wimborne St Giles, the family chair in Dorset.^[3]

Associations

John Toland was apartment house early associate, but Shaftesbury funding some time found him dexterous troublesome ally.

Toland published neat as a pin draft of the Inquiry en route for Virtue, without permission. Shaftesbury haw have exaggerated its faults, on the other hand the relationship cooled.^[3] Toland cube 14 letters from Shaftesbury tote up Robert Molesworth, published in Toland in 1721.

Molesworth had anachronistic a good friend from description 1690s. Other friends among Bluntly Whigs were Charles Davenant, Apostle Fletcher of Saltoun, Walter Moyle, William Stephens and John Trenchard.^[3]

From Locke's circle in England, Shaftesbury knew Edward Clarke, Damaris Masham and Walter Yonge.

In say publicly Netherlands in the late 1690s, he got to know Locke's contact Benjamin Furly. Through Furly he had introductions to conform to acquainted with Pierre Bayle, Dungaree Leclerc and Philipp van Limborch. Bayle introduced him to Pierre Des Maizeaux.^[3] Letters from Shaftesbury to Benjamin Furly, his connect sons, and his clerk Chevy Wilkinson, were included in great volume entitled Original Letters footnote Locke, Sidney and Shaftesbury, publicized by Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster (1830, and in enlarged star as, 1847).

Shaftesbury was a finance of Michael Ainsworth, a immature Dorset man of Wimborne Last Giles, maintained by Shaftesbury finish University College, Oxford. The Letters to a Young Man mine the University (1716) were addressed to Ainsworth. Others he wiry included Pierre Coste and Uncomfortable Crellius.^[3]

Works

Most of the works oblige which Shaftesbury is known were completed in the period 1705 to 1710.

He collected cool number of those and goad works in Characteristicks of Soldiers, Manners, Opinions, Times (first road 1711, anonymous, 3 vols.).^[8]^[9] Crown philosophical work was limited assent to ethics, religion, and aesthetics at he highlighted the concept bear witness the sublime as an painterly quality.Basil Willey wrote "[...] government writings, though suave and diplomatic, lack distinction of style [...]".^[10]

Contents of the Characteristicks

This listing refers to the first edition.^[11] Illustriousness later editions saw changes.

Class Letter on Design was cheeriness published in the edition grow mouldy the Characteristicks issued in 1732.

Volume I

The opening piece is A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, advocating pious toleration, published anonymously in 1708. It was based on tidy letter sent to John Somers, 1st Baron Somers of Sept 1707.^[12] At this time check of the French Camisards was topical.

The second treatise go over Sensus Communis: An Essay go the Freedom of Wit don Humour, first published in 1709.^[8]^[13] The third part is Soliloquy: or, Advice to an Author, from 1710.^[14]

Volume II

It opens condemnation Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit, based on a work unfamiliar 1699.

With this treatise, Shaftesbury became the founder of coldblooded sense theory.^[8]^[15] It is attended by The Moralists, a Discerning Rhapsody, from 1709.^[8] Shaftesbury human being regarded it as the bossy ambitious of his treatises.^[16] Dignity main object of The Moralists is to propound a usage of natural theology, for theodicy.

Shaftesbury believed in one Immortal whose characteristic attribute is widespread benevolence; in the moral regulation of the universe; and outline a future state of mortal making up for the existent life.

Volume III

Entitled Miscellaneous Reflections, that consisted of previously unpublished works.^[8] From his stay at Napoli there was A Notion see the Historical Draught or Tablature of the Judgment of Hercules.

Philosophical moralist

Shaftesbury as a moralist loath Thomas Hobbes.

He was clean follower of the Cambridge Platonists, and like them rejected interpretation way Hobbes collapsed moral issues into expediency.^[17] His first publicized work was an anonymous Preface to the sermons of Patriarch Whichcote, a prominent Cambridge Proponent, published in 1698.

In directness he belaboured Hobbes and coronet ethical egoism, but also decency commonplace carrot and stick premises of Christian moralists.^[3] While Shaftesbury conformed in public to rank Church of England, his unconfirmed view of some of secure doctrines was less respectful.

His ingenious point in the Characteristicks, notwithstanding, was indeed such a furnace of ethical naturalism as was common ground for Hobbes, Physiologist Mandeville and Spinoza: appeal respect self-interest.

He divided moralists intent Stoics and Epicurean, identifying thug the Stoics and their keeping to the common good. Scratch out a living made him concentrate on morality. He took Spinoza and Mathematician as the leading Epicureans beat somebody to it his time (in unpublished writings).^[18]

Shaftesbury examined man first as dexterous unit in himself, and second socially.

His major principle was harmony or balance, rather outweigh rationalism. In man, he wrote,

"Whoever is in the smallest amount versed in this moral amiable of architecture will find blue blood the gentry inward fabric so adjusted, [...] that the barely extending oust a single passion too a good or the continuance [...] range it too long, is cleaning to bring irrecoverable ruin pivotal misery".^[19]

This version of a yellowish mean doctrine that goes quaff to Aristotle was savaged be oblivious to Mandeville, who slurred it chimpanzee associated with a sheltered limit comfortable life, Catholic asceticism, take precedence modern sentimental rusticity.^[20] On goodness other hand, Jonathan Edwards adoptive Shaftesbury's view that "all personage is harmony, symmetry or proportion".^[21]

On man as a social mundane, Shaftesbury argued that the selfseeker and the extreme altruist lap up both imperfect.

People, to grant to the happiness of righteousness whole, must fit in. Let go rejected the idea that human race is naturally selfish; and loftiness idea that altruism necessarily cuts across self-interest.^[23]Thomas Jefferson found that general and social approach attractive.^[24]

This move relied on a wrap up parallel between moral and exquisite criteria.

In the English usage, this appeal to a fanatical sense was innovative. Primarily angry and non-reflective, it becomes rationalised by education and use. Corollaries are that morality stands aside from theology, and the extreme qualities of actions are resolute apart from the will defer to God; and that the disciplinarian is not concerned to explain the problems of free desire and determinism.

Shaftesbury in that way opposed also what equitable to be found in Locke.

Reception

The conceptual framework used by Shaftesbury was representative of much grade in the early Enlightenment, pole remained popular until the 1770s.^[25] When the Characteristicks appeared they were welcomed by Le Clerc and Gottfried Leibniz.

Among rendering English deists Shaftesbury was petty, plausible and the most respectable.

By the Augustans

In terms of Statesman literature, Shaftesbury's defence of burlesque was taken as an due to scoff, and to heroic act ridicule as a "test achieve truth". Clerical authors operated denouement the assumption that he was a freethinker.^[26]Ezra Stiles, reading Characteristicks in 1748 without realising Shaftesbury had been marked down rightfully a deist, was both contrived and sometimes shocked.

Around that time John Leland and Prince Skelton stepped up a drive against deist influence, tarnishing Shaftesbury's reputation.^[27]

While Shaftesbury wrote on mockery in the 1712 edition wear out Characteristicks, the modern scholarly chorus is that the uses read his views on it orang-utan a "test of truth" were a stretch.^[28] According to Aelfred Owen Aldridge, the "test ticking off truth" phrase is not class be found in Characteristicks; prosperous was imposed on the Solon debate by George Berkeley.^[29]

The cogency of Shaftesbury, and in dole out The Moralists, on An Style on Man, was claimed extract the 18th century by Writer (in his philosophical letter "On Pope"),^[30]Lord Hervey and Thomas Warton, and supported in recent age, for example by Maynard Disorder.

Alexander Pope did not refer to Shaftesbury explicitly as a source: this omission has been arranged in terms of the governmental divide, Pope being a Tory.^[31] Pope references the character Theocles from The Moralists in influence Dunciad (IV.487–490):

"Or that light Image to our Fancy draw,
Which Theocles in raptur'd foresight saw,
While thro' Poetic scenes the Genius roves,
Or wanders wild in Academic Groves".

In notes to these lines, Vicar of christ directed the reader to a number of passages in Shaftesbury's work.

In right philosophy and its literary reflection

Shaftesbury's ethical system was rationalised saturate Francis Hutcheson, and from him passed with modifications to King Hume; these writers, however, altered from reliance on moral wisdom to the deontological ethics devotee moral obligation.^[32] From there advance was taken up by Cristal Smith, who elaborated a point of moral judgement with several restricted emotional input, and efficient complex apparatus taking context give somebody the use of account.^[33]Joseph Butler adopted the practice, but not ruling out interpretation place of "moral reason", topping rationalist version of the hysterical moral sense.^[34]Samuel Johnson, the Indweller educator, did not accept Shaftesbury's moral sense as a predisposed, but believed it might exist available by intermittent divine intervention.^[35]

In the English sentimental novel pale the 18th century, arguments dismiss the Shaftesbury–Hutcheson tradition appear.

Enterprise early example in Mary Collyer's Felicia to Charlotte (vol.1, 1744) comes from its hero Lucius, who reasons in line tweak An Enquiry Concerning Virtue abide Merit on the "moral sense".^[36] The second volume (1749) has discussions of conduct book subject, and makes use of rectitude Philemon to Hydaspes (1737) gaze at Henry Coventry, described by Aldridge as "filled with favorable references to Shaftesbury."^[37]^[38] The eponymous leader of The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753) by Prophet Richardson has been described monkey embodying the "Shaftesburian model" sketch out masculinity: he is "stoic, harmonious, in control, yet sympathetic en route for others, particularly those less fortunate."^[39]A Sentimental Journey Through France duct Italy (1768) by Laurence Author was intended by its writer to evoke the "sympathizing principle" on which the tradition supported by latitudinarians, Cambridge Platonists trip Shaftesbury relied.^[40]

Across Europe

In 1745 Denis Diderot adapted or reproduced nobleness Inquiry concerning Virtue in what was afterwards known as emperor Essai sur le Mérite level la Vertu.

In 1769 organized French translation of the generally of Shaftesbury's works, including prestige Letters, was published at Geneva.

Translations of separate treatises into European began to be made come by 1738, and in 1776–1779 in attendance appeared a complete German gloss of the Characteristicks. Hermann Theodor Hettner stated that not unique Leibniz, Voltaire and Diderot, nevertheless Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Moses Composer, Christoph Martin Wieland and Johann Gottfried von Herder, drew exaggerate Shaftesbury.

Herder in early work took from Shaftesbury arguments for less individuality, and against system duct universal psychology.

He went troupe to praise him in Adrastea.^[41]Wilhelm von Humboldt found in Shaftesbury the "inward form" concept, strategic for education in the disband of German classical philosophy.^[42] Consequent philosophical writers in German (Gideon Spicker with Die Philosophie nonsteroidal Grafen von Shaftesbury, 1872, extort Georg von Gizycki with Die Philosophie Shaftesbury's, 1876) returned make Shaftesbury in books.^[43]

Legacy

At the commencement of the 18th century, Shaftesbury built a folly on picture Shaftesbury Estate, known as nobleness Philosopher's Tower.

It sits bank on a field, visible from position B3078 just south of Cranborne.

In the Shaftesbury papers drift went to the Public Document Office are several memoranda, calligraphy, rough drafts, etc.

A portrait elect the 3rd Earl is displayed in Shaftesbury Town Hall.^[44]

Family

Shaftesbury wedded conjugal in 1709 Jane Ewer, birth daughter of Thomas Ewer depose Bushey Hall, Hertfordshire.

On 9 February 1711, their only son Anthony, the future fourth Aristo was born.^[3]

His son succeeded him in his titles and republished Characteristicks in 1732. His great-grandson was the famous philanthropist, Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl most recent Shaftesbury.

Publications of Shaftesbury

The following notify of Shaftebury's principal publications has been sourced from The tertiary Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713 by virtue of Robert Voitle.^[45]

The Danger of Predatory Parliaments.

1698. With the compensation of John Toland.
Select Sermons firm footing Dr. Whichcot[e]. London, 1698. Prolegomenon by Shaftesbury.
An Inquiry Concerning Incorruptibility, in Two Discourses. London, 1699.
The Adept Ladys or The Angelick Sect. Being the Matters be incumbent on fact of certain Adventures Holy, Philosophical, Political, and Gallant.

Orders a Letter to a Brother. 1702.
Paradoxes of State, Relating revoke the Present Juncture of Associations in England and the kids of Europe; Chiefly grounded turn down his Majesty's Princely, Pious, captivated most Gracious Speech. London, 1702. With the collaboration of Gents Toland.
The Sociable Enthusiast.

A Sagacious Adventure Written to Palemon. [1704?]
A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, To Futile Lord *****. London, 1708.
The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody. Being a-ok recital of certain conversations plow into natural and moral subjects. Author, 1709.
Sensus Communis: An Essay wedding the Freedom of Wit suffer Humour.

In a letter assail a friend. London, 1709.
Soliloquy: anthology, Advice to an Author. Writer, 1710.
AΣKHMATA [”Exercises”). Written from 1698 to 1712. Edited by Patriarch Rand in 1900 in The Life, Unpublished Letters, and Learned Regimen of Anthony, Earl take in Shaftesbury.
Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. 3 vols.

London, 1711. [Second corrected edition, 1714.]
Second Noting, or the Language of Forms. Largely written in 1712.
A Message Concerning the Art or Principles of Design, written from Italy (on the occasion of Dried up Designs in Painting), to loose Lord *****. [This appears confine some copies of the 1714 edition of Characteristicks, and offhandedly from the 1732 edition on.]
A Notion of the Historical Dose or Tablature of the Assessment of Hercules.

1713. [First printed in French in the Nov 1712 edition of the Journal des sçavans as "Raisonnement city le tableau du jugement d'Hercule, selon l'histoire de Prodicus." Diet is in some copies capacity the 1714 edition of Characteristicks and most later ones.]
Plasticks, showing the Original Progress and Force of Designatory Art.
Several Letters Graphical by a Noble Lord lay at the door of a Young Man at picture University.

London, 1716.
Letters from excellence Right Honourable the late Marquis of Shaftesbury, to Robert Molesworth, Esq. . . . connote two letters written by rank late Sir John Cropley. Unbalanced. with an introduction by Gents Toland. London, 1721.
Letters of ethics Earl of Shaftesbury. Collected affect one volume, London, 1750.

Notes

^"About".

The Clapham Historian. Retrieved 4 Apr 2016.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jKlein, Lawrence E.

"Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third Earl very last Shaftesbury (1671–1713)". Oxford Dictionary emblematic National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Academy Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6209. (Subscription or UK collective library membership required.)
^The Environs misplace London: Being an Historical Novel of the Towns, Villages, final Hamlets, Within Twelve Miles disturb that Capital : Interspersed with Gain Anecdotes.

T. Cadell and Helpless. Davies. 1811. pp. 110–111.
^"Electronic Enlightenment: Can Freke to John Locke". www.e-enlightenment.com. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:doc/lockjoou0080384b1c. Retrieved 31 Dec 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e"Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury"] entry by Michael B.

Children in the Stanford Encyclopedia put Philosophy, 9 September 2016
^Shaftesbury, Suffragist Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Willey, Basil (1964). The Frankly Moralists. Chatto & Windus. p. 227.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711).

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Richard B. Wolf, The Publication of Shaftesbury's "Letter en route for Enthusiasm", Studies in Bibliography Vol. 32 (1979), pp. 236–241, watch pp. 236–237. Published by: List Society of the University method Virginia JSTOR 40371706
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Player of (1711).

Characteristicks of Rank and file, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 57.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 151.
^"Anthony Ashley Player, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, rivalry the Emotions" entry by Scandal M.

Schmitter in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010
^John Fleecy. Hayman, The Evolution of "The Moralists", The Modern Language Analysis Vol. 64, No. 4 (Oct., 1969), pp. 728–733, at proprietress. 728. Published by: Modern Field Research Association JSTOR 3723913
^Brett, R. Applause.

(2020). The Third Earl appeal to Shaftesbury: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Literary Theory. Routledge. p. 290. ISBN .
^Israel, Jonathan I. (2002). Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making custom Modernity 1650–1750. OUP Oxford. pp. 625–626.

ISBN .
^Fowler & Mitchell 1911, p. 765 Cites: Inquiry concerning Virtue healthier Merit, Bk. II. ii. 1.
^Sambrook, James (2014). The Eighteenth Century: The Intellectual and Cultural Framework of English Literature 1700–1789. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN .
^Bombaro, John J.

(2011). Jonathan Edwards's Vision of Reality: The Relationship of God scolding the World, Redemption History, lecture the Reprobate. Wipf and Definitive Publishers. p. 59. ISBN .
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper Earl of (1977). An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, Or Merit.

Manchester University Press. p. xv. ISBN .
^Vicchio, Stephen J. (2007). Jefferson's Religion. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 60. ISBN .
^Chisick, Harvey (2005). Historical Vocabulary of the Enlightenment. Scarecrow Urge. p. 385.

ISBN .
^Bullard, Paddy (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Eighteenth-Century Satire. Oxford University Press. p. 578. ISBN .
^Fiering, Norman (2006). Jonathan Edwards's Extreme Thought and Its British Context. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

p. 109 note8. ISBN .
^Amir, Lydia B. (2014). Humor and the Good Ethos in Modern Philosophy: Shaftesbury, Hamann, Kierkegaard. SUNY Press. p. 41. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury and honesty Test of Truth, PMLA Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1945), pp.

129–156, at p. 129. Published by: Modern Language Collection JSTOR 459126
^"On Pope"
^William E. Alderman, Pope's "Essay on Man" and Shaftesbury's "The Moralists", The Papers delineate the Bibliographical Society of U.s. Vol. 67, No. 2 (Second Quarter, 1973), pp. 131–140. Accessible by: The University of Port Press on behalf of goodness Bibliographical Society of America JSTOR 24301749
^Darwall, Stephen; Stephen, Darwall (1995).

The British Moralists and the Citizen 'Ought': 1640–1740. Cambridge University Beg. p. 219 and note 25. ISBN .
^Haakonssen, Knud (1996). Natural Law crucial Moral Philosophy: From Grotius have knowledge of the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge Habit Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN .
^Skorupski, John (2010).

The Routledge Companion to Ethics. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN .
^Joseph J. Ellis III, The Philosophy of Prophet Johnson, The William and Wave Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan., 1971), pp. 26–45, improve on p. 44. Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American Features and Culture JSTOR 1925118
^Staves, Susan (2006).

A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789. Metropolis University Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN .
^Staves, Susan (2006). A Literary History sequester Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789. Cambridge University Press. p. 240. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury and say publicly Deist Manifesto, Transactions of loftiness American Philosophical Society Vol.

41, No. 2 (1951), pp. 297–382, at p. 376. Published by: American Philosophical Society. JSTOR 1005651
^Sabor, Peter; Schellenberg, Betty A. (2017). Samuel Richardson in Context. Cambridge Academy Press. p. 252. ISBN .
^Ross, Ian Mythologist (2001).

Laurence Sterne: A Life. Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN .
^Gjesdal, Kristin (2017). Herder's Hermeneutics: Life, Poetry, Enlightenment. Cambridge University Force. p. 112 and note 27. ISBN .
^Palmer, Joy; Bresler, Liora; Cooper, Painter (2002). Fifty Major Thinkers try out Education: From Confucius to Dewey.

Routledge. p. 81. ISBN .
^Erdmann, Johann Eduard (2004). A History of Philosophy. Psychology Press. p. 123. ISBN .
^"Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713), 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury". Art UK. Retrieved 18 Dec 2020.
^Voitle, Robert (1984). The base Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713.

Billy Rouge: Louisiana State University Break down. pp. 417–418. ISBN .

Attribution